CWE-862
Weakness Allowed-with-ReviewMissing Authorization
Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete
The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.
Dimensions
- Behavior-Property: Missing
- Behavior-Type: Authorization
Mapping guidance
This CWE entry is a Class and might have Base-level children that would be more appropriate
Examine children of this entry to see if there is a better fit
Relationships and members
Modes of introduction
OMISSION: This weakness is caused by missing a security tactic during the architecture and design phase.
Authorization weaknesses may arise when a single-user application is ported to a multi-user environment.
A developer may introduce authorization weaknesses because of a lack of understanding about the underlying technologies. For example, a developer may assume that attackers cannot modify certain inputs such as headers or cookies.
Detection methods
Automated Static Analysis
Automated static analysis is useful for detecting commonly-used idioms for authorization. A tool may be able to analyze related configuration files, such as .htaccess in Apache web servers, or detect the usage of commonly-used authorization libraries.
Generally, automated static analysis tools have difficulty detecting custom authorization schemes. In addition, the software's design may include some functionality that is accessible to any user and does not require an authorization check; an automated technique that detects the absence of authorization may report false positives.
Effectiveness: Limited
Automated Dynamic Analysis
Automated dynamic analysis may find many or all possible interfaces that do not require authorization, but manual analysis is required to determine if the lack of authorization violates business logic.
Manual Analysis
This weakness can be detected using tools and techniques that require manual (human) analysis, such as penetration testing, threat modeling, and interactive tools that allow the tester to record and modify an active session.
Specifically, manual static analysis is useful for evaluating the correctness of custom authorization mechanisms.
Effectiveness: Moderate
These may be more effective than strictly automated techniques. This is especially the case with weaknesses that are related to design and business rules. However, manual efforts might not achieve desired code coverage within limited time constraints.
Manual Static Analysis - Binary or Bytecode
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Binary / Bytecode disassembler - then use manual analysis for vulnerabilities & anomalies
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Dynamic Analysis with Automated Results Interpretation
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Web Application Scanner
Web Services Scanner
Database Scanners
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Dynamic Analysis with Manual Results Interpretation
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Host Application Interface Scanner
Fuzz Tester
Framework-based Fuzzer
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Manual Static Analysis - Source Code
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Focused Manual Spotcheck - Focused manual analysis of source
Manual Source Code Review (not inspections)
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Automated Static Analysis - Source Code
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Source code Weakness Analyzer
Context-configured Source Code Weakness Analyzer
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Architecture or Design Review
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Highly cost effective:
Inspection (IEEE 1028 standard) (can apply to requirements, design, source code, etc.)
Formal Methods / Correct-By-Construction
Effectiveness: High
Notes
Terminology
Assuming a user with a given identity, authorization is the process of determining whether that user can access a given resource, based on the user's privileges and any permissions or other access-control specifications that apply to the resource.
Content history
Suggested mappings to ISA/IEC 62443.
Provided diagram to improve CWE usability
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Related_Attack_Patterns, Relationships
updated Potential_Mitigations, References, Relationships
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Observed_Examples, References, Relationships
updated Potential_Mitigations
updated Relationships
updated Detection_Factors
updated Relationships
updated Applicable_Platforms, Modes_of_Introduction, References, Relationships
updated References
updated Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Alternate_Terms, Observed_Examples
updated Observed_Examples, Related_Attack_Patterns, Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Observed_Examples
updated Description, Potential_Mitigations
updated References, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
updated Mapping_Notes, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
updated Common_Consequences, Description, Diagram, Relationships, Terminology_Notes
updated Applicable_Platforms, Detection_Factors, Observed_Examples, References
updated Applicable_Platforms, Relationships, Weakness_Ordinalities
updated Applicable_Platforms, Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Applicable_Platforms, Dimensions, References, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
20063 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-HW58-87P6-R2H3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-01 15:31 – Updated: 2024-11-01 15:31Missing Authorization vulnerability in YMC Filter & Grids allows Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs.This issue affects Filter & Grids: from n/a through 2.8.33.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-39664"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-11-01T15:15:37Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in YMC Filter \u0026 Grids allows Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs.This issue affects Filter \u0026 Grids: from n/a through 2.8.33.",
"id": "GHSA-hw58-87p6-r2h3",
"modified": "2024-11-01T15:31:58Z",
"published": "2024-11-01T15:31:58Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-39664"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/ymc-smart-filter/wordpress-filter-grids-plugin-2-8-32-broken-authentication-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HW75-3WQ2-7668
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-24 06:31 – Updated: 2026-03-24 06:31The WP DSGVO Tools (GDPR) plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized account destruction in all versions up to, and including, 3.1.38. This is due to the super-unsubscribe AJAX action accepting a process_now parameter from unauthenticated users, which bypasses the intended email-confirmation flow and immediately triggers irreversible account anonymization. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to permanently destroy any non-administrator user account (password randomized, username/email overwritten, roles stripped, comments anonymized, sensitive usermeta wiped) by submitting the victim's email address with process_now=1. The nonce required for the request is publicly available on any page containing the [unsubscribe_form] shortcode.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-4283"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-24T05:16:24Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "The WP DSGVO Tools (GDPR) plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized account destruction in all versions up to, and including, 3.1.38. This is due to the `super-unsubscribe` AJAX action accepting a `process_now` parameter from unauthenticated users, which bypasses the intended email-confirmation flow and immediately triggers irreversible account anonymization. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to permanently destroy any non-administrator user account (password randomized, username/email overwritten, roles stripped, comments anonymized, sensitive usermeta wiped) by submitting the victim\u0027s email address with `process_now=1`. The nonce required for the request is publicly available on any page containing the `[unsubscribe_form]` shortcode.",
"id": "GHSA-hw75-3wq2-7668",
"modified": "2026-03-24T06:31:13Z",
"published": "2026-03-24T06:31:13Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-4283"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/shapepress-dsgvo/tags/3.1.38/includes/class-sp-dsgvo-ajax-action.php#L69"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/shapepress-dsgvo/tags/3.1.38/includes/class-sp-dsgvo-data-collecter.php#L250"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/shapepress-dsgvo/tags/3.1.38/includes/models/unsubscriber.php#L24"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/shapepress-dsgvo/tags/3.1.38/public/shortcodes/super-unsubscribe/unsubscribe-form-action.php#L39"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/shapepress-dsgvo/trunk/public/shortcodes/super-unsubscribe/unsubscribe-form-action.php#L39"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?old_path=/shapepress-dsgvo/tags/3.1.38\u0026new_path=/shapepress-dsgvo/tags/3.1.39"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/21389122-cb39-45d1-a889-b830d3a55603?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HW78-HX2W-7Q5M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-10-08 06:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 08:24In Messaging, there is a possible missing permission check. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-40645"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-10-08T04:15:57Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In Messaging, there is a possible missing permission check. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed",
"id": "GHSA-hw78-hx2w-7q5m",
"modified": "2024-04-04T08:24:54Z",
"published": "2023-10-08T06:30:20Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-40645"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.unisoc.com/en_us/secy/announcementDetail/https://www.unisoc.com/en_us/secy/announcementDetail/1707266966118531074"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HW79-279G-555H
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-10-15 12:01 – Updated: 2022-10-18 12:00In Music service, there is a missing permission check. This could lead to local denial of service in Music service with no additional execution privileges needed.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-39114"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-10-14T19:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In Music service, there is a missing permission check. This could lead to local denial of service in Music service with no additional execution privileges needed.",
"id": "GHSA-hw79-279g-555h",
"modified": "2022-10-18T12:00:32Z",
"published": "2022-10-15T12:01:08Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-39114"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.unisoc.com/en_us/secy/announcementDetail/1575654905820020738"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HW7G-86HR-VPJV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-01 21:31 – Updated: 2026-09-01 21:31Missing Authorization (CWE-862) in the Kibana Entity Store feature can lead to unauthorized credential creation via Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs (CAPEC-1). An authenticated user holding only low-privilege Security feature access could invoke an administrative operation that creates and persists Elasticsearch API keys under the caller's identity, bypassing the elevated cluster and Kibana privileges that the documented Entity Store setup flow requires.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-78597"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-09-01T20:17:23Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization (CWE-862) in the Kibana Entity Store feature can lead to unauthorized credential creation via Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs (CAPEC-1). An authenticated user holding only low-privilege Security feature access could invoke an administrative operation that creates and persists Elasticsearch API keys under the caller\u0027s identity, bypassing the elevated cluster and Kibana privileges that the documented Entity Store setup flow requires.",
"id": "GHSA-hw7g-86hr-vpjv",
"modified": "2026-09-01T21:31:50Z",
"published": "2026-09-01T21:31:50Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-78597"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://discuss.elastic.co/t/kibana-8-19-21-9-4-6-security-update-esa-2026-155/390072"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HW7Q-5GXP-C6J5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-13 15:30 – Updated: 2026-04-28 21:35Missing Authorization vulnerability in Matthew Ruddy Easing Slider allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Easing Slider : from n/a through 3.0.8.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-30490"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-12-13T15:15:11Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Matthew Ruddy Easing Slider allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Easing Slider : from n/a through 3.0.8.",
"id": "GHSA-hw7q-5gxp-c6j5",
"modified": "2026-04-28T21:35:23Z",
"published": "2024-12-13T15:30:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-30490"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/easing-slider/vulnerability/wordpress-easing-slider-plugin-3-0-8-plugin-settings-reset-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HW84-C76J-H87P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-14 18:31 – Updated: 2026-04-08 18:33The WP Compress – Image Optimizer [All-In-One] plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the several functions in versions up to, and including, 6.20.01. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level permissions and above, to edit plugin settings, including storing cross-site scripting, in multisite environments.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-4445"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601",
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-05-14T16:17:34Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The WP Compress \u2013 Image Optimizer [All-In-One] plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the several functions in versions up to, and including, 6.20.01. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level permissions and above, to edit plugin settings, including storing cross-site scripting, in multisite environments.",
"id": "GHSA-hw84-c76j-h87p",
"modified": "2026-04-08T18:33:12Z",
"published": "2024-05-14T18:31:02Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-4445"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/wp-compress-image-optimizer/trunk/classes/mu.class.php?rev=2946135"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3082085/#file655"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/830f53a4-da3b-4a95-99f1-c4a4c8e6944c?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HW86-26G8-JX37
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-05 12:30 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:36Missing Authorization vulnerability in Codepeople Sell Downloads allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Sell Downloads: from n/a through 1.1.12.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-68850"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-01-05T11:17:42Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Codepeople Sell Downloads allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Sell Downloads: from n/a through 1.1.12.",
"id": "GHSA-hw86-26g8-jx37",
"modified": "2026-04-01T18:36:31Z",
"published": "2026-01-05T12:30:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-68850"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/sell-downloads/vulnerability/wordpress-sell-downloads-plugin-1-1-12-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vdp.patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/sell-downloads/vulnerability/wordpress-sell-downloads-plugin-1-1-12-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HW8H-2VM9-2PMX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-06-06 06:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 04:33In telephony service, there is a possible missing permission check. This could lead to local denial of service with no additional execution privileges.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-48447"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-06-06T06:15:51Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In telephony service, there is a possible missing permission check. This could lead to local denial of service with no additional execution privileges.",
"id": "GHSA-hw8h-2vm9-2pmx",
"modified": "2024-04-04T04:33:09Z",
"published": "2023-06-06T06:30:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-48447"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.unisoc.com/en_us/secy/announcementDetail/1664822361414762498"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HW9R-H9MR-4JFF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-02 16:06 – Updated: 2026-07-02 16:06Summary
Some internal command handlers require operator.approvals or operator.admin scopes. In affected releases, a scoped Gateway chat.send request delivered through an inherited external route could be evaluated as an external-channel command while still carrying the lower Gateway client scopes.
This issue affects scoped Gateway clients. It does not apply to shared-secret bearer HTTP compatibility endpoints, which are documented as full operator surfaces under OpenClaw's trust model.
Affected configurations
This affects deployments where a scoped Gateway caller with operator.write can use chat.send with delivery into a session that has an inherited external delivery route.
Impact
Commands that should have required operator.approvals or operator.admin could run with only operator.write in this routed context. Affected command families included approval resolution and selected administrative commands such as plugin, config, MCP, allowlist, and ACP mutations.
Patched Versions
The first stable patched version is 2026.5.18.
Mitigations
Upgrade to openclaw@2026.5.18 or later. Before upgrading, avoid granting operator.write tokens to clients that can deliver commands into sessions with external routes unless those clients are trusted with admin-like command effects.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "openclaw"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2026.5.18"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862",
"CWE-863"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-07-02T16:06:00Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Summary\n\nSome internal command handlers require `operator.approvals` or `operator.admin` scopes. In affected releases, a scoped Gateway `chat.send` request delivered through an inherited external route could be evaluated as an external-channel command while still carrying the lower Gateway client scopes.\n\nThis issue affects scoped Gateway clients. It does not apply to shared-secret bearer HTTP compatibility endpoints, which are documented as full operator surfaces under OpenClaw\u0027s trust model.\n\n### Affected configurations\n\nThis affects deployments where a scoped Gateway caller with `operator.write` can use `chat.send` with delivery into a session that has an inherited external delivery route.\n\n### Impact\n\nCommands that should have required `operator.approvals` or `operator.admin` could run with only `operator.write` in this routed context. Affected command families included approval resolution and selected administrative commands such as plugin, config, MCP, allowlist, and ACP mutations.\n\n### Patched Versions\n\nThe first stable patched version is `2026.5.18`.\n\n### Mitigations\n\nUpgrade to `openclaw@2026.5.18` or later. Before upgrading, avoid granting `operator.write` tokens to clients that can deliver commands into sessions with external routes unless those clients are trusted with admin-like command effects.",
"id": "GHSA-hw9r-h9mr-4jff",
"modified": "2026-07-02T16:06:00Z",
"published": "2026-07-02T16:06:00Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-hw9r-h9mr-4jff"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "OpenClaw: Scoped chat.send route inheritance could bypass admin command scope gates"
}
Mitigation
- Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
- Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].
Mitigation MIT-4.4
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
- For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
- One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.
CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws
An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.