CWE-862
Weakness Allowed-with-ReviewMissing Authorization
Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete
The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.
Dimensions
- Behavior-Property: Missing
- Behavior-Type: Authorization
Mapping guidance
This CWE entry is a Class and might have Base-level children that would be more appropriate
Examine children of this entry to see if there is a better fit
Relationships and members
Modes of introduction
OMISSION: This weakness is caused by missing a security tactic during the architecture and design phase.
Authorization weaknesses may arise when a single-user application is ported to a multi-user environment.
A developer may introduce authorization weaknesses because of a lack of understanding about the underlying technologies. For example, a developer may assume that attackers cannot modify certain inputs such as headers or cookies.
Detection methods
Automated Static Analysis
Automated static analysis is useful for detecting commonly-used idioms for authorization. A tool may be able to analyze related configuration files, such as .htaccess in Apache web servers, or detect the usage of commonly-used authorization libraries.
Generally, automated static analysis tools have difficulty detecting custom authorization schemes. In addition, the software's design may include some functionality that is accessible to any user and does not require an authorization check; an automated technique that detects the absence of authorization may report false positives.
Effectiveness: Limited
Automated Dynamic Analysis
Automated dynamic analysis may find many or all possible interfaces that do not require authorization, but manual analysis is required to determine if the lack of authorization violates business logic.
Manual Analysis
This weakness can be detected using tools and techniques that require manual (human) analysis, such as penetration testing, threat modeling, and interactive tools that allow the tester to record and modify an active session.
Specifically, manual static analysis is useful for evaluating the correctness of custom authorization mechanisms.
Effectiveness: Moderate
These may be more effective than strictly automated techniques. This is especially the case with weaknesses that are related to design and business rules. However, manual efforts might not achieve desired code coverage within limited time constraints.
Manual Static Analysis - Binary or Bytecode
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Binary / Bytecode disassembler - then use manual analysis for vulnerabilities & anomalies
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Dynamic Analysis with Automated Results Interpretation
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Web Application Scanner
Web Services Scanner
Database Scanners
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Dynamic Analysis with Manual Results Interpretation
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Host Application Interface Scanner
Fuzz Tester
Framework-based Fuzzer
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Manual Static Analysis - Source Code
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Focused Manual Spotcheck - Focused manual analysis of source
Manual Source Code Review (not inspections)
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Automated Static Analysis - Source Code
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Source code Weakness Analyzer
Context-configured Source Code Weakness Analyzer
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Architecture or Design Review
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Highly cost effective:
Inspection (IEEE 1028 standard) (can apply to requirements, design, source code, etc.)
Formal Methods / Correct-By-Construction
Effectiveness: High
Notes
Terminology
Assuming a user with a given identity, authorization is the process of determining whether that user can access a given resource, based on the user's privileges and any permissions or other access-control specifications that apply to the resource.
Content history
Suggested mappings to ISA/IEC 62443.
Provided diagram to improve CWE usability
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Related_Attack_Patterns, Relationships
updated Potential_Mitigations, References, Relationships
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Observed_Examples, References, Relationships
updated Potential_Mitigations
updated Relationships
updated Detection_Factors
updated Relationships
updated Applicable_Platforms, Modes_of_Introduction, References, Relationships
updated References
updated Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Alternate_Terms, Observed_Examples
updated Observed_Examples, Related_Attack_Patterns, Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Observed_Examples
updated Description, Potential_Mitigations
updated References, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
updated Mapping_Notes, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
updated Common_Consequences, Description, Diagram, Relationships, Terminology_Notes
updated Applicable_Platforms, Detection_Factors, Observed_Examples, References
updated Applicable_Platforms, Relationships, Weakness_Ordinalities
updated Applicable_Platforms, Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Applicable_Platforms, Dimensions, References, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
20058 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-HMPW-22JW-WCRR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:03 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:03The WorkflowResource class removeStatus method in Jira before version 7.13.12, from version 8.0.0 before version 8.4.3, and from version 8.5.0 before version 8.5.2 allows authenticated remote attackers who do not have project administration access to remove a configured issue status from a project via a missing authorisation check.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-15013"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-12-18T04:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The WorkflowResource class removeStatus method in Jira before version 7.13.12, from version 8.0.0 before version 8.4.3, and from version 8.5.0 before version 8.5.2 allows authenticated remote attackers who do not have project administration access to remove a configured issue status from a project via a missing authorisation check.",
"id": "GHSA-hmpw-22jw-wcrr",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:03:59Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:03:59Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-15013"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jira.atlassian.com/browse/JRASERVER-70405"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HMQF-WPQ9-JQ83
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-20 06:31 – Updated: 2025-03-01 23:06Missing Authorization When Using @AuthorizeReturnObject in Spring Security 6.3.0 and 6.3.1 allows attacker to render security annotations inaffective.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.springframework.security:spring-security-core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "6.3.0"
},
{
"fixed": "6.3.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-38810"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287",
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-08-20T20:03:33Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-08-20T04:15:07Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization When Using @AuthorizeReturnObject in Spring Security 6.3.0 and 6.3.1 allows attacker to render security annotations inaffective.",
"id": "GHSA-hmqf-wpq9-jq83",
"modified": "2025-03-01T23:06:14Z",
"published": "2024-08-20T06:31:36Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-38810"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/spring-projects/spring-security"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://spring.io/security/cve-2024-38810"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Spring Security Missing Authorization vulnerability"
}
GHSA-HMRC-FWGQ-4XV5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-10-06 09:31 – Updated: 2026-10-06 09:31Memory corruption when non-secure loader rewrites page tables before secure memory initialization.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-25267"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-10-06T07:16:56Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Memory corruption when non-secure loader rewrites page tables before secure memory initialization.",
"id": "GHSA-hmrc-fwgq-4xv5",
"modified": "2026-10-06T09:31:23Z",
"published": "2026-10-06T09:31:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-25267"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.qualcomm.com/product/publicresources/securitybulletin/october-2026-bulletin.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HMVR-JMXQ-Q9HJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-23 06:30 – Updated: 2026-04-08 18:33The Email Subscribers by Icegram Express – Email Marketing, Newsletters, Automation for WordPress & WooCommerce plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized access of data due to a missing capability check on the get_template_content function in all versions up to, and including, 5.7.17. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber access and above, to obtain the contents of private and password-protected posts.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-3626"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-05-23T06:15:10Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Email Subscribers by Icegram Express \u2013 Email Marketing, Newsletters, Automation for WordPress \u0026 WooCommerce plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized access of data due to a missing capability check on the get_template_content function in all versions up to, and including, 5.7.17. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber access and above, to obtain the contents of private and password-protected posts.",
"id": "GHSA-hmvr-jmxq-q9hj",
"modified": "2026-04-08T18:33:14Z",
"published": "2024-05-23T06:30:45Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-3626"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/email-subscribers/trunk/lite/admin/class-email-subscribers-admin.php#L849"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/email-subscribers/trunk/lite/includes/class-email-subscribers.php#L1063"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026new=3072302%40email-subscribers%2Ftrunk\u0026old=3069441%40email-subscribers%2Ftrunk\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/5a56e621-2508-4500-b865-4d5e4463b91a?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HMW6-R44J-8RX3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-26 18:31 – Updated: 2026-08-26 18:31The Royal Addons for Elementor WordPress plugin before 1.7.1066 does not perform any capability or nonce check before returning taxonomy term data for an arbitrary, caller-supplied taxonomy, allowing unauthenticated users to disclose the names and IDs of terms belonging to non-public taxonomies.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-13406"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-08-26T06:16:24Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Royal Addons for Elementor WordPress plugin before 1.7.1066 does not perform any capability or nonce check before returning taxonomy term data for an arbitrary, caller-supplied taxonomy, allowing unauthenticated users to disclose the names and IDs of terms belonging to non-public taxonomies.",
"id": "GHSA-hmw6-r44j-8rx3",
"modified": "2026-08-26T18:31:52Z",
"published": "2026-08-26T18:31:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-13406"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wpscan.com/vulnerability/44b457b8-5759-4d1d-b6fd-9dfe19a249a6"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HMX7-V3MC-J73J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-10-11 00:31 – Updated: 2026-10-11 00:31JeecgBoot through 3.9.5 contains a missing authorization vulnerability in the SysAnnouncementController downLoadFiles handler that allows low-privileged authenticated users to download announcement attachments. Attackers can supply a known announcement id to retrieve a ZIP of attachments from unreleased announcements or those addressed only to other users.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-108676"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-10-10T22:16:44Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "JeecgBoot through 3.9.5 contains a missing authorization vulnerability in the SysAnnouncementController downLoadFiles handler that allows low-privileged authenticated users to download announcement attachments. Attackers can supply a known announcement id to retrieve a ZIP of attachments from unreleased announcements or those addressed only to other users.",
"id": "GHSA-hmx7-v3mc-j73j",
"modified": "2026-10-11T00:31:00Z",
"published": "2026-10-11T00:31:00Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-108676"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/AnkesKasty/cve-request-poc/blob/a7b6d1423555812d8efa26c91c5d0683164b31e5/JeecgBoot/poc_announcement_file_download.py"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/jeecgboot/JeecgBoot/blob/e3b9dc0aefe1943d9772b026f64ed671a7c82802/jeecg-boot/jeecg-module-system/jeecg-system-biz/src/main/java/org/jeecg/modules/system/controller/SysAnnouncementController.java#L791-L796"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/jeecgboot-through-3.9.5-missing-authorization-via-sys-annountcement-downloadfiles"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-HMXH-V4Q7-5WCQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-11-08 15:31 – Updated: 2026-11-08 15:31OpenEMR before 8.3.0 contains a missing authorization vulnerability in interface/billing/sl_eob_patient_note.php that allows any authenticated user to read and modify patient billing notes. Attackers with low-privilege accounts can enumerate the patient_id parameter and submit POST requests using the embedded CSRF token to view or tamper with confidential billing data.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-124472"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-11-08T14:18:15Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "OpenEMR before 8.3.0 contains a missing authorization vulnerability in interface/billing/sl_eob_patient_note.php that allows any authenticated user to read and modify patient billing notes. Attackers with low-privilege accounts can enumerate the patient_id parameter and submit POST requests using the embedded CSRF token to view or tamper with confidential billing data.",
"id": "GHSA-hmxh-v4q7-5wcq",
"modified": "2026-11-08T15:31:28Z",
"published": "2026-11-08T15:31:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openemr/openemr/security/advisories/GHSA-74j7-7q95-rvxg"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-124472"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openemr-before-8.3.0-missing-authorization-via-sl-eob-patient-note-php"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-HMXW-MJ2J-6M7X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-16 00:30 – Updated: 2025-11-03 21:34This issue was addressed with additional entitlement checks. This issue is fixed in macOS Sequoia 15.7, macOS Sonoma 14.8, macOS Tahoe 26. An app may be able to access protected user data.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-43311"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-09-15T23:15:34Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "This issue was addressed with additional entitlement checks. This issue is fixed in macOS Sequoia 15.7, macOS Sonoma 14.8, macOS Tahoe 26. An app may be able to access protected user data.",
"id": "GHSA-hmxw-mj2j-6m7x",
"modified": "2025-11-03T21:34:30Z",
"published": "2025-09-16T00:30:24Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-43311"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/125110"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/125111"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/125112"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Sep/53"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Sep/54"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Sep/55"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HP3W-WMVR-64G3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-10-21 00:32 – Updated: 2026-10-21 03:32Improper input validation in Passwords in Google Chrome prior to 156.0.8078.47 allowed a remote attacker to potentially execute arbitrary code outside the sandbox via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-113235"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-20",
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-10-20T22:19:16Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Improper input validation in Passwords in Google Chrome prior to 156.0.8078.47 allowed a remote attacker to potentially execute arbitrary code outside the sandbox via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: Medium)",
"id": "GHSA-hp3w-wmvr-64g3",
"modified": "2026-10-21T03:32:11Z",
"published": "2026-10-21T00:32:47Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-113235"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2026/10/stable-channel-update-for-desktop_02018666648.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://issues.chromium.org/issues/563352925"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HP4M-HGPX-5799
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-06 09:31 – Updated: 2024-11-06 09:31The Video Gallery for WooCommerce plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the remove_unused_thumbnails() function in all versions up to, and including, 1.31. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to delete thumbnails in the video-wc-gallery-thumb directory.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-10535"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-11-06T07:15:03Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Video Gallery for WooCommerce plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the remove_unused_thumbnails() function in all versions up to, and including, 1.31. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to delete thumbnails in the video-wc-gallery-thumb directory.",
"id": "GHSA-hp4m-hgpx-5799",
"modified": "2024-11-06T09:31:21Z",
"published": "2024-11-06T09:31:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-10535"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/video-wc-gallery/trunk/admin/admin-ui-setup.php#L545"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026old=3182174%40video-wc-gallery\u0026new=3182174%40video-wc-gallery\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/50259040-a984-42a8-8d58-cc94e349ca45?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
- Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
- Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].
Mitigation MIT-4.4
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
- For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
- One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.
CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws
An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.