CWE-862
Allowed-with-ReviewMissing Authorization
Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete
The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.
14579 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-WJW2-C8PQ-FW6M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-01 06:31 – Updated: 2025-08-01 06:31A vulnerability was found in code-projects Online Movie Streaming 1.0. It has been declared as critical. Affected by this vulnerability is an unknown functionality of the file /admin-control.php. The manipulation of the argument ID leads to missing authorization. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-8435"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-08-01T05:15:37Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in code-projects Online Movie Streaming 1.0. It has been declared as critical. Affected by this vulnerability is an unknown functionality of the file /admin-control.php. The manipulation of the argument ID leads to missing authorization. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.",
"id": "GHSA-wjw2-c8pq-fw6m",
"modified": "2025-08-01T06:31:37Z",
"published": "2025-08-01T06:31:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-8435"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/i-Corner/cve/issues/15"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://code-projects.org"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.318463"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.318463"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-WJWR-77X9-RQFH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-19 09:30 – Updated: 2025-12-19 09:30The Appointment Booking Calendar — Simply Schedule Appointments Booking Plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Sensitive Information Exposure in all versions up to, and including, 1.6.9.16. This is due to the plugin exposing its admin embed endpoint at /wp-json/ssa/v1/embed-inner-admin without authentication, which leaks plugin settings including staff names, business names, and configuration data that are not publicly displayed on the booking form. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to extract private business configuration. In premium versions with integrations configured, this might also expose other sensitive data including API keys for external services.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-13754"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-12-19T07:16:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Appointment Booking Calendar \u2014 Simply Schedule Appointments Booking Plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Sensitive Information Exposure in all versions up to, and including, 1.6.9.16. This is due to the plugin exposing its admin embed endpoint at `/wp-json/ssa/v1/embed-inner-admin` without authentication, which leaks plugin settings including staff names, business names, and configuration data that are not publicly displayed on the booking form. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to extract private business configuration. In premium versions with integrations configured, this might also expose other sensitive data including API keys for external services.",
"id": "GHSA-wjwr-77x9-rqfh",
"modified": "2025-12-19T09:30:27Z",
"published": "2025-12-19T09:30:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-13754"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3421427/simply-schedule-appointments/trunk/includes/class-shortcodes.php"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/10d7a50c-41e9-41b7-a171-d72dbe08e7b7?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-WM25-7V99-6WM5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-12-06 09:30 – Updated: 2022-12-07 18:30In power management service, there is a missing permission check. This could lead to set up power management service with no additional execution privileges needed.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-39100"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-12-06T07:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In power management service, there is a missing permission check. This could lead to set up power management service with no additional execution privileges needed.",
"id": "GHSA-wm25-7v99-6wm5",
"modified": "2022-12-07T18:30:27Z",
"published": "2022-12-06T09:30:24Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-39100"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.unisoc.com/en_us/secy/announcementDetail/1599588060988411006"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.unisoc.com/en_us/secy/announcementDetail/1610118225591336001"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-WM2J-9VCX-H349
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-02 12:32 – Updated: 2026-04-23 15:34Missing Authorization vulnerability in Kali Forms Contact Form builder with drag & drop - Kali Forms allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Contact Form builder with drag & drop - Kali Forms: from n/a through 2.3.27.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-46083"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-01-02T12:15:10Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Kali Forms Contact Form builder with drag \u0026 drop - Kali Forms allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Contact Form builder with drag \u0026 drop - Kali Forms: from n/a through 2.3.27.",
"id": "GHSA-wm2j-9vcx-h349",
"modified": "2026-04-23T15:34:13Z",
"published": "2025-01-02T12:32:13Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-46083"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/kali-forms/vulnerability/wordpress-kali-forms-plugin-2-3-27-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-WM3H-3HJP-64V8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-13 15:30 – Updated: 2026-04-28 21:35Missing Authorization vulnerability in Suresh Chand CHP Ads Block Detector allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects CHP Ads Block Detector: from n/a through 3.9.5.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-36509"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-12-13T15:15:16Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Suresh Chand CHP Ads Block Detector allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects CHP Ads Block Detector: from n/a through 3.9.5.",
"id": "GHSA-wm3h-3hjp-64v8",
"modified": "2026-04-28T21:35:23Z",
"published": "2024-12-13T15:30:41Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-36509"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/chp-ads-block-detector/vulnerability/wordpress-chp-ads-block-detector-plugin-3-9-5-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-WM4F-VPR2-QFQ9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-06-09 12:30 – Updated: 2024-06-09 12:30Missing Authorization vulnerability in Unlimited Elements Unlimited Elements For Elementor (Free Widgets, Addons, Templates).This issue affects Unlimited Elements For Elementor (Free Widgets, Addons, Templates): from n/a through 1.5.65.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-31080"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-06-09T10:15:09Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Unlimited Elements Unlimited Elements For Elementor (Free Widgets, Addons, Templates).This issue affects Unlimited Elements For Elementor (Free Widgets, Addons, Templates): from n/a through 1.5.65.",
"id": "GHSA-wm4f-vpr2-qfq9",
"modified": "2024-06-09T12:30:51Z",
"published": "2024-06-09T12:30:51Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-31080"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/unlimited-elements-for-elementor/wordpress-unlimited-elements-for-elementor-plugin-1-5-65-multiple-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-WM7R-3QXJ-5XGQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-06-06 21:30 – Updated: 2025-02-13 18:57Duplicate Advisory
This advisory has been withdrawn because it is a duplicate of GHSA-cvm3-pp2j-chr3. This link is maintained to preserve external references.
Original Description
Grafana is an open-source platform for monitoring and observability.
The option to send a test alert is not available from the user panel UI for users having the Viewer role. It is still possible for a user with the Viewer role to send a test alert using the API as the API does not check access to this function.
This might enable malicious users to abuse the functionality by sending multiple alert messages to e-mail and Slack, spamming users, prepare Phishing attack or block SMTP server.
Users may upgrade to version 9.5.3, 9.4.12, 9.3.15, 9.2.19 and 8.5.26 to receive a fix.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/grafana/grafana"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "8.5.26"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/grafana/grafana"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "9.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "9.2.19"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/grafana/grafana"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "9.3.0"
},
{
"fixed": "9.3.15"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/grafana/grafana"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "9.4.0"
},
{
"fixed": "9.4.12"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/grafana/grafana"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "9.5.0"
},
{
"fixed": "9.5.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284",
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-06-07T15:08:20Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2023-06-06T19:15:11Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "## Duplicate Advisory\nThis advisory has been withdrawn because it is a duplicate of GHSA-cvm3-pp2j-chr3. This link is maintained to preserve external references.\n\n## Original Description\nGrafana is an open-source platform for monitoring and observability. \n\nThe option to send a test alert is not available from the user panel UI for users having the Viewer role. It is still possible for a user with the Viewer role to send a test alert using the API as the API does not check access to this function.\n\nThis might enable malicious users to abuse the functionality by sending multiple alert messages to e-mail and Slack, spamming users, prepare Phishing attack or block SMTP server.\n\nUsers may upgrade to version 9.5.3, 9.4.12, 9.3.15, 9.2.19 and 8.5.26 to receive a fix.",
"id": "GHSA-wm7r-3qxj-5xgq",
"modified": "2025-02-13T18:57:03Z",
"published": "2023-06-06T21:30:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/grafana/bugbounty/security/advisories/GHSA-cvm3-pp2j-chr3"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-2183"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/grafana/grafana"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://grafana.com/security/security-advisories/cve-2023-2183"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20230706-0002"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Duplicate Advisory: Grafana Improper Access Control vulnerability",
"withdrawn": "2023-06-09T22:54:42Z"
}
GHSA-WM8H-26FV-MG7G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-23 20:17 – Updated: 2026-01-28 04:43Summary
Authenticated non‑admin users can call /api/setup/backup and trigger a configuration backup. The endpoint only checks authentication, not authorization, and returns a link to the generated ZIP.
Details
SetupController.php uses userIsAuthenticated() but does not verify that the requester has configuration/admin permissions. This allows any logged‑in user to create a sensitive backup and retrieve its path.
PoC
Precondition: API enabled, any authenticated non‑admin user. - Log in as a non‑admin user. - Call backup endpoint.
curl -c /tmp/pmf_api_cookies.txt \
-H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
-d '{"username":"tester","password":"Test1234!"}' \
http://192.168.40.16/phpmyfaq/api/v3.0/login
curl -i -b /tmp/pmf_api_cookies.txt \
-X POST --data '4.0.16' \
http://192.168.40.16/phpmyfaq/api/setup/backup
Impact
Low‑privileged users can generate sensitive backups. If the ZIP is web‑accessible (server misconfiguration), this can lead to secret exposure.
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 4.0.16"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "phpmyfaq/phpmyfaq"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "4.0.17"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 4.0.16"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "thorsten/phpmyfaq"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "4.0.17"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-24421"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-285",
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-01-23T20:17:25Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-01-24T02:15:49Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Summary\nAuthenticated non\u2011admin users can call /api/setup/backup and trigger a configuration backup. The endpoint only checks authentication, not authorization, and returns a link to the generated ZIP.\n\n### Details\nSetupController.php uses userIsAuthenticated() but does not verify that the requester has configuration/admin permissions. This allows any logged\u2011in user to create a sensitive backup and retrieve its path.\n\n### PoC\nPrecondition: API enabled, any authenticated non\u2011admin user.\n- Log in as a non\u2011admin user.\n- Call backup endpoint.\n```\ncurl -c /tmp/pmf_api_cookies.txt \\\n -H \u0027Content-Type: application/json\u0027 \\\n -d \u0027{\"username\":\"tester\",\"password\":\"Test1234!\"}\u0027 \\\n http://192.168.40.16/phpmyfaq/api/v3.0/login\n\ncurl -i -b /tmp/pmf_api_cookies.txt \\\n -X POST --data \u00274.0.16\u0027 \\\n http://192.168.40.16/phpmyfaq/api/setup/backup\n```\n\n### Impact\nLow\u2011privileged users can generate sensitive backups. If the ZIP is web\u2011accessible (server misconfiguration), this can lead to secret exposure.",
"id": "GHSA-wm8h-26fv-mg7g",
"modified": "2026-01-28T04:43:46Z",
"published": "2026-01-23T20:17:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/thorsten/phpMyFAQ/security/advisories/GHSA-wm8h-26fv-mg7g"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-24421"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/thorsten/phpMyFAQ"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "phpMyFAQ: /api/setup/backup accessible to any authenticated user (authz missing)"
}
GHSA-WMCJ-RJ62-7Q33
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-19 15:31 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:35Missing Authorization vulnerability in Projectopia Projectopia allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects Projectopia: from n/a through 5.1.17.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-48257"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-19T15:15:28Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Projectopia Projectopia allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects Projectopia: from n/a through 5.1.17.",
"id": "GHSA-wmcj-rj62-7q33",
"modified": "2026-04-01T18:35:09Z",
"published": "2025-05-19T15:31:02Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-48257"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/projectopia-core/vulnerability/wordpress-projectopia-5-1-17-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-WMF5-GP42-GQ5M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:34 – Updated: 2026-06-22 21:30MISP before 2.4.135 lacks an ACL check, related to app/Controller/GalaxyElementsController.php and app/Model/GalaxyElement.php.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-29006"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-11-24T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "MISP before 2.4.135 lacks an ACL check, related to app/Controller/GalaxyElementsController.php and app/Model/GalaxyElement.php.",
"id": "GHSA-wmf5-gp42-gq5m",
"modified": "2026-06-22T21:30:42Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:34:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-29006"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/MISP/MISP/commit/423750573d07f1a463f115ef37182c1825080da4"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/MISP/MISP/compare/v2.4.134...v2.4.135"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
- Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
- Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].
Mitigation MIT-4.4
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
- For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
- One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.
CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws
An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.