CWE-862
Weakness Allowed-with-ReviewMissing Authorization
Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete
The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.
Dimensions
- Behavior-Property: Missing
- Behavior-Type: Authorization
Mapping guidance
This CWE entry is a Class and might have Base-level children that would be more appropriate
Examine children of this entry to see if there is a better fit
Relationships and members
Modes of introduction
OMISSION: This weakness is caused by missing a security tactic during the architecture and design phase.
Authorization weaknesses may arise when a single-user application is ported to a multi-user environment.
A developer may introduce authorization weaknesses because of a lack of understanding about the underlying technologies. For example, a developer may assume that attackers cannot modify certain inputs such as headers or cookies.
Detection methods
Automated Static Analysis
Automated static analysis is useful for detecting commonly-used idioms for authorization. A tool may be able to analyze related configuration files, such as .htaccess in Apache web servers, or detect the usage of commonly-used authorization libraries.
Generally, automated static analysis tools have difficulty detecting custom authorization schemes. In addition, the software's design may include some functionality that is accessible to any user and does not require an authorization check; an automated technique that detects the absence of authorization may report false positives.
Effectiveness: Limited
Automated Dynamic Analysis
Automated dynamic analysis may find many or all possible interfaces that do not require authorization, but manual analysis is required to determine if the lack of authorization violates business logic.
Manual Analysis
This weakness can be detected using tools and techniques that require manual (human) analysis, such as penetration testing, threat modeling, and interactive tools that allow the tester to record and modify an active session.
Specifically, manual static analysis is useful for evaluating the correctness of custom authorization mechanisms.
Effectiveness: Moderate
These may be more effective than strictly automated techniques. This is especially the case with weaknesses that are related to design and business rules. However, manual efforts might not achieve desired code coverage within limited time constraints.
Manual Static Analysis - Binary or Bytecode
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Binary / Bytecode disassembler - then use manual analysis for vulnerabilities & anomalies
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Dynamic Analysis with Automated Results Interpretation
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Web Application Scanner
Web Services Scanner
Database Scanners
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Dynamic Analysis with Manual Results Interpretation
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Host Application Interface Scanner
Fuzz Tester
Framework-based Fuzzer
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Manual Static Analysis - Source Code
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Focused Manual Spotcheck - Focused manual analysis of source
Manual Source Code Review (not inspections)
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Automated Static Analysis - Source Code
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Source code Weakness Analyzer
Context-configured Source Code Weakness Analyzer
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Architecture or Design Review
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Highly cost effective:
Inspection (IEEE 1028 standard) (can apply to requirements, design, source code, etc.)
Formal Methods / Correct-By-Construction
Effectiveness: High
Notes
Terminology
Assuming a user with a given identity, authorization is the process of determining whether that user can access a given resource, based on the user's privileges and any permissions or other access-control specifications that apply to the resource.
Content history
Suggested mappings to ISA/IEC 62443.
Provided diagram to improve CWE usability
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Related_Attack_Patterns, Relationships
updated Potential_Mitigations, References, Relationships
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Observed_Examples, References, Relationships
updated Potential_Mitigations
updated Relationships
updated Detection_Factors
updated Relationships
updated Applicable_Platforms, Modes_of_Introduction, References, Relationships
updated References
updated Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Alternate_Terms, Observed_Examples
updated Observed_Examples, Related_Attack_Patterns, Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Observed_Examples
updated Description, Potential_Mitigations
updated References, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
updated Mapping_Notes, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
updated Common_Consequences, Description, Diagram, Relationships, Terminology_Notes
updated Applicable_Platforms, Detection_Factors, Observed_Examples, References
updated Applicable_Platforms, Relationships, Weakness_Ordinalities
updated Applicable_Platforms, Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Applicable_Platforms, Dimensions, References, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
19874 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-97PP-MF36-5JW3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-05-31 03:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 04:25The Feather Login Page plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized loss of data due to a missing capability check on the 'deleteUser' function in versions starting from 1.0.7 up to, and including, 1.1.1. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level permissions and above, to delete the temp user generated by the plugin.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-2547"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-05-31T03:15:09Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Feather Login Page plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized loss of data due to a missing capability check on the \u0027deleteUser\u0027 function in versions starting from 1.0.7 up to, and including, 1.1.1. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level permissions and above, to delete the temp user generated by the plugin.",
"id": "GHSA-97pp-mf36-5jw3",
"modified": "2024-04-04T04:25:12Z",
"published": "2023-05-31T03:30:16Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-2547"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/feather-login-page/trunk/features/inc/admin/expirable-login-link.php?rev=2612332#L71"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/5d58a6a4-de2c-485f-a8b0-7a7d144fbf3c?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-97Q2-CP88-46PQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-22 21:30 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:36Missing Authorization vulnerability in Skimlinks Skimlinks Affiliate Marketing Tool allows Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs. This issue affects Skimlinks Affiliate Marketing Tool: from n/a through 1.3.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-57944"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-09-22T19:15:52Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Skimlinks Skimlinks Affiliate Marketing Tool allows Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs. This issue affects Skimlinks Affiliate Marketing Tool: from n/a through 1.3.",
"id": "GHSA-97q2-cp88-46pq",
"modified": "2026-04-01T18:36:11Z",
"published": "2025-09-22T21:30:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-57944"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/skimlinks/vulnerability/wordpress-skimlinks-affiliate-marketing-tool-plugin-1-3-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-97QR-GC42-M9F7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-16 18:31 – Updated: 2026-04-28 21:35Missing Authorization vulnerability in themeton Rozario allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects Rozario: from n/a through 1.4.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-31065"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-16T16:15:36Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in themeton Rozario allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects Rozario: from n/a through 1.4.",
"id": "GHSA-97qr-gc42-m9f7",
"modified": "2026-04-28T21:35:36Z",
"published": "2025-05-16T18:31:06Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-31065"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/theme/rozario/vulnerability/wordpress-rozario-1-4-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-97WF-P2HP-QXR2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-10-21 00:32 – Updated: 2026-10-21 18:33Out of bounds read in API in Google Chrome prior to 156.0.8078.47 allowed a remote attacker to potentially read memory inside the sandbox via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-113035"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125",
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-10-20T22:18:54Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Out of bounds read in API in Google Chrome prior to 156.0.8078.47 allowed a remote attacker to potentially read memory inside the sandbox via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: Medium)",
"id": "GHSA-97wf-p2hp-qxr2",
"modified": "2026-10-21T18:33:01Z",
"published": "2026-10-21T00:32:39Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-113035"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2026/10/stable-channel-update-for-desktop_02018666648.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://issues.chromium.org/issues/498786597"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-97WM-858V-4F4Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-10-09 12:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 08:25Mattermost fails to properly check the creator of an attached file when adding the file to a draft post, potentially exposing unauthorized file information.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-5331"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-10-09T11:15:11Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Mattermost fails to properly check the creator of an attached file when adding the file to a draft post,\u00a0potentially exposing unauthorized file information.\n\n",
"id": "GHSA-97wm-858v-4f4q",
"modified": "2024-04-04T08:25:58Z",
"published": "2023-10-09T12:30:20Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-5331"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://mattermost.com/security-updates"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-97X5-RP6H-94F8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-18 00:30 – Updated: 2025-01-21 18:31In multiple functions of WifiServiceImpl.java, there is a possible way to activate Wi-Fi hotspot from a non-owner profile due to a missing permission check. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-9382"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-01-17T23:15:11Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In multiple functions of WifiServiceImpl.java, there is a possible way to activate Wi-Fi hotspot from a non-owner profile due to a missing permission check. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.",
"id": "GHSA-97x5-rp6h-94f8",
"modified": "2025-01-21T18:31:06Z",
"published": "2025-01-18T00:30:48Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-9382"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/pixel/2018-06-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-97XC-C5W3-HFX3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-22 18:30 – Updated: 2026-01-22 21:33Missing Authorization vulnerability in Ludwig You WPMasterToolKit wpmastertoolkit allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects WPMasterToolKit: from n/a through <= 2.14.0.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-24388"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-01-22T17:16:41Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Ludwig You WPMasterToolKit wpmastertoolkit allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects WPMasterToolKit: from n/a through \u003c= 2.14.0.",
"id": "GHSA-97xc-c5w3-hfx3",
"modified": "2026-01-22T21:33:46Z",
"published": "2026-01-22T18:30:42Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-24388"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/wpmastertoolkit/vulnerability/wordpress-wpmastertoolkit-plugin-2-14-0-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-984V-V3Q8-P4HQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-13 15:34 – Updated: 2026-08-13 15:34Unauthenticated Broken Access Control in Bitcoin Lightning Payment Gateway for WooCommerce (via CLINK) <= 1.0.7 versions.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-66431"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-08-13T14:17:05Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Unauthenticated Broken Access Control in Bitcoin Lightning Payment Gateway for WooCommerce (via CLINK) \u003c= 1.0.7 versions.",
"id": "GHSA-984v-v3q8-p4hq",
"modified": "2026-08-13T15:34:40Z",
"published": "2026-08-13T15:34:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-66431"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/clink-gateway-for-woocommerce/vulnerability/wordpress-bitcoin-lightning-payment-gateway-for-woocommerce-via-clink-plugin-1-0-7-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-985W-H5MH-4MGR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-15 21:30 – Updated: 2024-10-15 21:30Vulnerability in the Oracle Process Manufacturing Product Development product of Oracle E-Business Suite (component: Quality Manager Specification). Supported versions that are affected are 12.2.13-12.2.14. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows low privileged attacker with network access via HTTP to compromise Oracle Process Manufacturing Product Development. Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in unauthorized creation, deletion or modification access to critical data or all Oracle Process Manufacturing Product Development accessible data as well as unauthorized access to critical data or complete access to all Oracle Process Manufacturing Product Development accessible data. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 8.1 (Confidentiality and Integrity impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N).
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-21250"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-10-15T20:15:15Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Vulnerability in the Oracle Process Manufacturing Product Development product of Oracle E-Business Suite (component: Quality Manager Specification). Supported versions that are affected are 12.2.13-12.2.14. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows low privileged attacker with network access via HTTP to compromise Oracle Process Manufacturing Product Development. Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in unauthorized creation, deletion or modification access to critical data or all Oracle Process Manufacturing Product Development accessible data as well as unauthorized access to critical data or complete access to all Oracle Process Manufacturing Product Development accessible data. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 8.1 (Confidentiality and Integrity impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N).",
"id": "GHSA-985w-h5mh-4mgr",
"modified": "2024-10-15T21:30:38Z",
"published": "2024-10-15T21:30:38Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-21250"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpuoct2024.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-986F-M5HR-MCQP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-04 09:30 – Updated: 2026-04-04 09:30The Paid Membership Plugin, Ecommerce, User Registration Form, Login Form, User Profile & Restrict Content – ProfilePress plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized membership payment bypass in all versions up to, and including, 4.16.11. This is due to a missing ownership verification on the change_plan_sub_id parameter in the process_checkout() function. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber level access and above, to reference another user's active subscription during checkout to manipulate proration calculations, allowing them to obtain paid lifetime membership plans without payment via the ppress_process_checkout AJAX action.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-3445"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-04T09:16:20Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The Paid Membership Plugin, Ecommerce, User Registration Form, Login Form, User Profile \u0026 Restrict Content \u2013 ProfilePress plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized membership payment bypass in all versions up to, and including, 4.16.11. This is due to a missing ownership verification on the `change_plan_sub_id` parameter in the `process_checkout()` function. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber level access and above, to reference another user\u0027s active subscription during checkout to manipulate proration calculations, allowing them to obtain paid lifetime membership plans without payment via the `ppress_process_checkout` AJAX action.",
"id": "GHSA-986f-m5hr-mcqp",
"modified": "2026-04-04T09:30:25Z",
"published": "2026-04-04T09:30:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-3445"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026new=3474509%40wp-user-avatar%2Ftrunk\u0026old=3473639%40wp-user-avatar%2Ftrunk\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=#file3"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/ae1e198b-0c0d-47aa-8a56-ec4e790c8022?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
- Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
- Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].
Mitigation MIT-4.4
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
- For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
- One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.
CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws
An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.