Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-862

Allowed-with-Review

Missing Authorization

Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete

The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.

14927 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-HMJ4-2MW2-4M77

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-06-27 15:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 05:12
VLAI
Details

A missing authorization check in multiple URL validation endpoints of the Insider Threat Management Server enables an anonymous attacker on an adjacent network to smuggle content via DNS lookups. All versions before 7.14.3 are affected.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-36002"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-06-27T15:15:11Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A missing authorization check in multiple URL validation endpoints of the Insider Threat Management Server enables an anonymous attacker on an adjacent network to smuggle content via DNS lookups. All versions before 7.14.3 are affected.",
  "id": "GHSA-hmj4-2mw2-4m77",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T05:12:27Z",
  "published": "2023-06-27T15:30:28Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-36002"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/security/security-advisories/pfpt-sa-2023-0004"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/security/security-advisories/pfpt-sa-2023-005"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-HMP4-C24H-PP2R

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-22 12:30 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:35
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in andy_moyle Church Admin allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects Church Admin: from n/a through 5.0.26.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-57896"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-08-22T12:15:33Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in andy_moyle Church Admin allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects Church Admin: from n/a through 5.0.26.",
  "id": "GHSA-hmp4-c24h-pp2r",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T18:35:57Z",
  "published": "2025-08-22T12:30:31Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-57896"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/church-admin/vulnerability/wordpress-church-admin-plugin-5-0-26-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-HMPW-22JW-WCRR

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:03 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:03
VLAI
Details

The WorkflowResource class removeStatus method in Jira before version 7.13.12, from version 8.0.0 before version 8.4.3, and from version 8.5.0 before version 8.5.2 allows authenticated remote attackers who do not have project administration access to remove a configured issue status from a project via a missing authorisation check.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2019-15013"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2019-12-18T04:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The WorkflowResource class removeStatus method in Jira before version 7.13.12, from version 8.0.0 before version 8.4.3, and from version 8.5.0 before version 8.5.2 allows authenticated remote attackers who do not have project administration access to remove a configured issue status from a project via a missing authorisation check.",
  "id": "GHSA-hmpw-22jw-wcrr",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T17:03:59Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:03:59Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-15013"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://jira.atlassian.com/browse/JRASERVER-70405"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-HMQF-WPQ9-JQ83

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-20 06:31 – Updated: 2025-03-01 23:06
VLAI
Summary
Spring Security Missing Authorization vulnerability
Details

Missing Authorization When Using @AuthorizeReturnObject in Spring Security 6.3.0 and 6.3.1 allows attacker to render security annotations inaffective.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.springframework.security:spring-security-core"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "6.3.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "6.3.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-38810"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287",
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2024-08-20T20:03:33Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-08-20T04:15:07Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization When Using @AuthorizeReturnObject in Spring Security 6.3.0 and 6.3.1 allows attacker to render security annotations inaffective.",
  "id": "GHSA-hmqf-wpq9-jq83",
  "modified": "2025-03-01T23:06:14Z",
  "published": "2024-08-20T06:31:36Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-38810"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/spring-projects/spring-security"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://spring.io/security/cve-2024-38810"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Spring Security Missing Authorization vulnerability"
}

GHSA-HMVR-JMXQ-Q9HJ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-23 06:30 – Updated: 2026-04-08 18:33
VLAI
Details

The Email Subscribers by Icegram Express – Email Marketing, Newsletters, Automation for WordPress & WooCommerce plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized access of data due to a missing capability check on the get_template_content function in all versions up to, and including, 5.7.17. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber access and above, to obtain the contents of private and password-protected posts.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-3626"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-05-23T06:15:10Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The Email Subscribers by Icegram Express \u2013 Email Marketing, Newsletters, Automation for WordPress \u0026 WooCommerce plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized access of data due to a missing capability check on the get_template_content function in all versions up to, and including, 5.7.17. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber access and above, to obtain the contents of private and password-protected posts.",
  "id": "GHSA-hmvr-jmxq-q9hj",
  "modified": "2026-04-08T18:33:14Z",
  "published": "2024-05-23T06:30:45Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-3626"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/email-subscribers/trunk/lite/admin/class-email-subscribers-admin.php#L849"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/email-subscribers/trunk/lite/includes/class-email-subscribers.php#L1063"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026new=3072302%40email-subscribers%2Ftrunk\u0026old=3069441%40email-subscribers%2Ftrunk\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/5a56e621-2508-4500-b865-4d5e4463b91a?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-HMXW-MJ2J-6M7X

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-16 00:30 – Updated: 2025-11-03 21:34
VLAI
Details

This issue was addressed with additional entitlement checks. This issue is fixed in macOS Sequoia 15.7, macOS Sonoma 14.8, macOS Tahoe 26. An app may be able to access protected user data.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-43311"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-09-15T23:15:34Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "This issue was addressed with additional entitlement checks. This issue is fixed in macOS Sequoia 15.7, macOS Sonoma 14.8, macOS Tahoe 26. An app may be able to access protected user data.",
  "id": "GHSA-hmxw-mj2j-6m7x",
  "modified": "2025-11-03T21:34:30Z",
  "published": "2025-09-16T00:30:24Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-43311"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/125110"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/125111"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/125112"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Sep/53"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Sep/54"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Sep/55"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-HP4M-HGPX-5799

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-06 09:31 – Updated: 2024-11-06 09:31
VLAI
Details

The Video Gallery for WooCommerce plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the remove_unused_thumbnails() function in all versions up to, and including, 1.31. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to delete thumbnails in the video-wc-gallery-thumb directory.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-10535"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-11-06T07:15:03Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The Video Gallery for WooCommerce plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the remove_unused_thumbnails() function in all versions up to, and including, 1.31. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to delete thumbnails in the video-wc-gallery-thumb directory.",
  "id": "GHSA-hp4m-hgpx-5799",
  "modified": "2024-11-06T09:31:21Z",
  "published": "2024-11-06T09:31:21Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-10535"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/video-wc-gallery/trunk/admin/admin-ui-setup.php#L545"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026old=3182174%40video-wc-gallery\u0026new=3182174%40video-wc-gallery\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/50259040-a984-42a8-8d58-cc94e349ca45?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-HP4V-MQPF-9MWH

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-08 09:31 – Updated: 2026-04-23 12:31
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in NitroPack NitroPack nitropack allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects NitroPack: from n/a through <= 1.19.3.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-39669"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-04-08T09:16:38Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in NitroPack NitroPack nitropack allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects NitroPack: from n/a through \u003c= 1.19.3.",
  "id": "GHSA-hp4v-mqpf-9mwh",
  "modified": "2026-04-23T12:31:34Z",
  "published": "2026-04-08T09:31:34Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-39669"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/nitropack/vulnerability/wordpress-nitropack-plugin-1-19-3-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-HP59-F5W9-W867

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-09 15:31 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:32
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Repute info systems ARForms.This issue affects ARForms: from n/a through 6.4.1.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-54217"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-12-09T13:15:41Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Repute info systems ARForms.This issue affects ARForms: from n/a through 6.4.1.",
  "id": "GHSA-hp59-f5w9-w867",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T18:32:42Z",
  "published": "2024-12-09T15:31:36Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-54217"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/arforms/vulnerability/wordpress-arforms-plugin-6-4-1-subscriber-plugin-settings-change-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-HP5M-24VP-VQ2Q

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-08 19:45 – Updated: 2026-05-15 23:52
VLAI
Summary
Open WebUI's responses passthrough endpoint lacks access control authorization
Details

Summary

The /responses endpoint in the OpenAI router accepts any authenticated user and forwards requests directly to upstream LLM providers without enforcing per-model access control. While the primary chat completion endpoint (generate_chat_completion) checks model ownership, group membership, and AccessGrants before allowing a request, the /responses proxy only validates that the user has a valid session via get_verified_user.

This allows any authenticated user — regardless of role or group assignment — to interact with any model configured on the instance by sending a POST request to /api/openai/responses with an arbitrary model ID.

Impact

As per OWASP TOP 10 LLM:

  • Model Denial of Service (OWASP LLM04): An unauthorized user can submit resource-intensive requests to expensive models (e.g., o1-pro, GPT-4o) that were explicitly restricted by the administrator. In shared deployments, this can exhaust API budgets or rate limits, causing total service disruption for all legitimate users.

  • Model Theft (OWASP LLM10): If the instance proxies access to fine-tuned or self-hosted models, unauthorized users can freely interact with them, enabling capability extraction or model distillation without authorization.

  • Access Policy Bypass: Administrators lose the ability to enforce cost-tier restrictions, team-based model assignments, or compliance boundaries through the existing access control system.

The endpoint is a raw passthrough proxy and does not resolve workspace model configurations (system prompts, knowledge bases, RAG pipelines). Therefore, workspace-specific confidential data is not directly exposed through this vector.

PR: https://github.com/open-webui/open-webui/pull/23481

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 0.8.12"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "open-webui"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "0.9.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-44556"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-284",
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-08T19:45:53Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-05-15T20:16:47Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "## Summary\n\nThe /responses endpoint in the OpenAI router accepts any authenticated user and forwards requests directly to upstream LLM providers without enforcing per-model access control. While the primary chat completion endpoint (generate_chat_completion) checks model ownership, group membership, and AccessGrants before allowing a request, the /responses proxy only validates that the user has a valid session via get_verified_user.\n\nThis allows any authenticated user \u2014 regardless of role or group assignment \u2014 to interact with any model configured on the instance by sending a POST request to /api/openai/responses with an arbitrary model ID.\n\n## Impact\n\nAs per OWASP TOP 10 LLM:\n\n- **Model Denial of Service (OWASP LLM04):** An unauthorized user can submit resource-intensive requests to expensive models (e.g., o1-pro, GPT-4o) that were explicitly restricted by the administrator. In shared deployments, this can exhaust API budgets or rate limits, causing total service disruption for all legitimate users.\n\n- **Model Theft (OWASP LLM10):** If the instance proxies access to fine-tuned or self-hosted models, unauthorized users can freely interact with them, enabling capability extraction or model distillation without authorization.\n\n- **Access Policy Bypass:** Administrators lose the ability to enforce cost-tier restrictions, team-based model assignments, or compliance boundaries through the existing access control system.\n\nThe endpoint is a raw passthrough proxy and does not resolve workspace model configurations (system prompts, knowledge bases, RAG pipelines). Therefore, workspace-specific confidential data is not directly exposed through this vector.\n\nPR: https://github.com/open-webui/open-webui/pull/23481",
  "id": "GHSA-hp5m-24vp-vq2q",
  "modified": "2026-05-15T23:52:36Z",
  "published": "2026-05-08T19:45:53Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/open-webui/open-webui/security/advisories/GHSA-hp5m-24vp-vq2q"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-44556"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/open-webui/open-webui/pull/23481"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/open-webui/open-webui"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Open WebUI\u0027s responses passthrough endpoint lacks access control authorization"
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
  • Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].

Mitigation MIT-4.4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
  • For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
  • One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
System Configuration Installation

Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.

CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws

An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.