Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-862

Allowed-with-Review

Missing Authorization

Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete

The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.

19704 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-562X-PPHR-6524

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-10 09:30 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:34
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Vagonic Woocommerce Products Reorder Drag Drop Multiple Sort – Sortable, Rearrange Products Vagonic. This issue affects Woocommerce Products Reorder Drag Drop Multiple Sort – Sortable, Rearrange Products Vagonic: from n/a through 1.9.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-32236"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-04-10T08:15:19Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Vagonic Woocommerce Products Reorder Drag Drop Multiple Sort \u2013 Sortable, Rearrange Products Vagonic. This issue affects Woocommerce Products Reorder Drag Drop Multiple Sort \u2013 Sortable, Rearrange Products Vagonic: from n/a through 1.9.",
  "id": "GHSA-562x-pphr-6524",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T18:34:38Z",
  "published": "2025-04-10T09:30:25Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-32236"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/vagonic-sortable/vulnerability/wordpress-woocommerce-products-reorder-drag-drop-multiple-sort-plugin-1-9-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-5639-QG9X-RW29

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-16 15:31 – Updated: 2026-09-16 18:31
VLAI
Details

Keycloak provides a policy enforcer to protect applications by matching incoming web requests against defined security policies. A flaw was found where the enforcer fails to correctly normalize web addresses that contain special encoded characters, such as those representing semicolons or directory traversal segments. An authenticated user can use these encoded characters to trick the enforcer into applying a less restrictive security policy than intended, potentially gaining unauthorized access to sensitive administrative or private application endpoints.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-74909"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-09-16T15:17:43Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Keycloak provides a policy enforcer to protect applications by matching incoming web requests against defined security policies. A flaw was found where the enforcer fails to correctly normalize web addresses that contain special encoded characters, such as those representing semicolons or directory traversal segments. An authenticated user can use these encoded characters to trick the enforcer into applying a less restrictive security policy than intended, potentially gaining unauthorized access to sensitive administrative or private application endpoints.",
  "id": "GHSA-5639-qg9x-rw29",
  "modified": "2026-09-16T18:31:59Z",
  "published": "2026-09-16T15:31:13Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-74909"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:68276"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:68277"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:68278"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:68280"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-74909"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2517354"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-563R-99QP-C364

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-09 15:31 – Updated: 2026-04-28 21:35
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Paul Ryley Site Reviews allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Site Reviews: from n/a through 6.5.0.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-27625"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-12-09T13:15:25Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Paul Ryley Site Reviews allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Site Reviews: from n/a through 6.5.0.",
  "id": "GHSA-563r-99qp-c364",
  "modified": "2026-04-28T21:35:17Z",
  "published": "2024-12-09T15:31:34Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-27625"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/site-reviews/vulnerability/wordpress-site-reviews-plugin-6-5-0-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-564C-H2VX-X449

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-09-25 03:30 – Updated: 2024-09-25 03:30
VLAI
Details

The Easy Mega Menu Plugin for WordPress – ThemeHunk plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized access due to a missing capability check on several functions hooked via AJAX in all versions up to, and including, 1.0.9. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level access and above, to perform actions like updating plugin settings.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-8434"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-09-25T03:15:04Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The Easy Mega Menu Plugin for WordPress \u2013 ThemeHunk plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized access due to a missing capability check on several functions hooked via AJAX in all versions up to, and including, 1.0.9. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level access and above, to perform actions like updating plugin settings.",
  "id": "GHSA-564c-h2vx-x449",
  "modified": "2024-09-25T03:30:37Z",
  "published": "2024-09-25T03:30:36Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-8434"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3156084/themehunk-megamenu-plus/tags/1.1.0/inc/megamenu-base.php"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3156084/themehunk-megamenu-plus/tags/1.1.0/inc/megamenu-nav-menu-settings.php"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3156084/themehunk-megamenu-plus/tags/1.1.0/inc/megamenu-setting.php"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3156084/themehunk-megamenu-plus/tags/1.1.0/inc/megamenu-widgets.php"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/be3869a9-f72d-4bbb-ba51-d2761ca761f2?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-565R-PF5Q-45V6

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-02 15:31 – Updated: 2025-04-02 20:22
VLAI
Summary
Jenkins Missing Permission Check
Details

Jenkins 2.503 and earlier, LTS 2.492.2 and earlier does not perform a permission check in an HTTP endpoint.

This allows attackers with Computer/Create permission but without Computer/Extended Read permission to copy an agent, gaining access to its configuration.

Jenkins 2.504, LTS 2.492.3 requires Computer/Extended Read permission to copy an agent.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.jenkins-ci.main:jenkins-core"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "2.500"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.504"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.jenkins-ci.main:jenkins-core"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.492.3"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-31720"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2025-04-02T20:22:08Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-04-02T15:15:59Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Jenkins 2.503 and earlier, LTS 2.492.2 and earlier does not perform a permission check in an HTTP endpoint.\n\nThis allows attackers with Computer/Create permission but without Computer/Extended Read permission to copy an agent, gaining access to its configuration.\n\nJenkins 2.504, LTS 2.492.3 requires Computer/Extended Read permission to copy an agent.",
  "id": "GHSA-565r-pf5q-45v6",
  "modified": "2025-04-02T20:22:09Z",
  "published": "2025-04-02T15:31:38Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-31720"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/jenkinsci/jenkins/commit/bf32018bf075c06e5df649583557c82d42d8bb5c"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.jenkins.io/security/advisory/2025-04-02/#SECURITY-3512"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Jenkins Missing Permission Check"
}

GHSA-567Q-WWF7-9P59

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-10-16 09:30 – Updated: 2026-10-16 09:30
VLAI
Details

The Photo Engine (Media Organizer & Lightroom) plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to authorization bypass in all versions up to, and including, 6.5.6 This is due to the plugin not properly verifying that a user is authorized to perform an action. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to permanently delete arbitrary media attachments via wp_delete_attachment and upload new attachments to the site, actions that require the upload_files or edit_others_posts capabilities. A Subscriber-level user can obtain their own wplr_auth_token directly from the profile.php page source, because the admin screen guard in Meow_WPLR_Sync_Admin::__construct() is commented out, causing wp_localize_script to leak the token into every admin page view; this token can then be used from a cookie-less HTTP session to invoke destructive actions on the /?wplr-sync-api endpoint.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-107770"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-10-16T07:17:09Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The Photo Engine (Media Organizer \u0026 Lightroom) plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to authorization bypass in all versions up to, and including, 6.5.6 This is due to the plugin not properly verifying that a user is authorized to perform an action. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to permanently delete arbitrary media attachments via wp_delete_attachment and upload new attachments to the site, actions that require the upload_files or edit_others_posts capabilities. A Subscriber-level user can obtain their own wplr_auth_token directly from the profile.php page source, because the admin screen guard in Meow_WPLR_Sync_Admin::__construct() is commented out, causing wp_localize_script to leak the token into every admin page view; this token can then be used from a cookie-less HTTP session to invoke destructive actions on the /?wplr-sync-api endpoint.",
  "id": "GHSA-567q-wwf7-9p59",
  "modified": "2026-10-16T09:30:26Z",
  "published": "2026-10-16T09:30:26Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-107770"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/wplr-sync/tags/6.5.6/classes/admin.php#L155"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/wplr-sync/tags/6.5.6/classes/admin.php#L56"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/wplr-sync/tags/6.5.6/classes/api.php#L116"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/wplr-sync/tags/6.5.6/classes/api.php#L201"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/wplr-sync/tags/6.5.6/classes/api.php#L309"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/wplr-sync/tags/6.5.6/classes/api.php#L32"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/wplr-sync/tags/6.5.6/classes/core.php#L923"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3737477/wplr-sync"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3737477/wplr-sync/trunk/classes/api.php"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/2f32c361-9bb3-417b-a5a9-02e48bfa33b4?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-569F-2GGR-6V5W

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-01-04 12:30 – Updated: 2023-01-10 18:30
VLAI
Details

In network service, there is a missing permission check. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with System execution privileges needed.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-39087"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-276",
      "CWE-77",
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-01-04T10:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "In network service, there is a missing permission check. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with System execution privileges needed.",
  "id": "GHSA-569f-2ggr-6v5w",
  "modified": "2023-01-10T18:30:26Z",
  "published": "2023-01-04T12:30:28Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-39087"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.unisoc.com/en_us/secy/announcementDetail/1610118225591336001"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-569J-5JX7-CRH7

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-02-04 15:31 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:33
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Ksher Ksher allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects Ksher: from n/a through 1.1.2.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-22730"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-02-04T15:15:22Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Ksher Ksher allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects Ksher: from n/a through 1.1.2.",
  "id": "GHSA-569j-5jx7-crh7",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T18:33:33Z",
  "published": "2025-02-04T15:31:38Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-22730"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/ksher-payment/vulnerability/wordpress-ksher-plugin-1-1-2-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-56C7-CRPQ-GF4P

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:53 – Updated: 2023-03-03 21:30
VLAI
Details

An elevation of privilege vulnerability exists when reparse points are created by sandboxed processes allowing sandbox escape, aka 'Windows NTFS Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability'.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2019-1170"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2019-08-14T21:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "An elevation of privilege vulnerability exists when reparse points are created by sandboxed processes allowing sandbox escape, aka \u0027Windows NTFS Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability\u0027.",
  "id": "GHSA-56c7-crpq-gf4p",
  "modified": "2023-03-03T21:30:19Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T16:53:30Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-1170"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/en-US/security-guidance/advisory/CVE-2019-1170"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/154192/Microsoft-Windows-SET_REPARSE_POINT_EX-Mount-Point-Security-Feature-Bypass.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-56CQ-W5M4-V4HJ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-15 21:31 – Updated: 2026-09-16 18:31
VLAI
Details

In Bootloader, there is a possible escalation of privilege due to a missing permission check. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with System execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-0192"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-09-15T19:17:14Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "In Bootloader, there is a possible escalation of privilege due to a missing permission check. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with System execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.",
  "id": "GHSA-56cq-w5m4-v4hj",
  "modified": "2026-09-16T18:31:36Z",
  "published": "2026-09-15T21:31:15Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-0192"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://source.android.com/docs/security/bulletin/pixel/2026/2026-09-01"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
  • Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].

Mitigation MIT-4.4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
  • For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
  • One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
System Configuration Installation

Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.

CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws

An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.