Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-862

Allowed-with-Review

Missing Authorization

Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete

The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.

19609 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-4M45-94J7-X2XC

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-26 15:32 – Updated: 2026-06-26 15:32
VLAI
Details

Unauthenticated Broken Access Control in Donation Thermometer <= 2.2.7 versions.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-64636"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-06-26T15:16:34Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Unauthenticated Broken Access Control in Donation Thermometer \u003c= 2.2.7 versions.",
  "id": "GHSA-4m45-94j7-x2xc",
  "modified": "2026-06-26T15:32:14Z",
  "published": "2026-06-26T15:32:14Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-64636"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/donation-thermometer/vulnerability/wordpress-donation-thermometer-plugin-2-2-7-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4M65-6Q77-H9MP

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-13 18:32 – Updated: 2024-11-14 18:30
VLAI
Details

In DevmemIntChangeSparse2 of devicemem_server.c, there is a possible way to achieve arbitrary code execution due to a missing permission check. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-40671"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862",
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-11-13T18:15:20Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "In DevmemIntChangeSparse2 of devicemem_server.c, there is a possible way to achieve arbitrary code execution due to a missing permission check. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.",
  "id": "GHSA-4m65-6q77-h9mp",
  "modified": "2024-11-14T18:30:34Z",
  "published": "2024-11-13T18:32:04Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-40671"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/2024-11-01"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4M6M-M354-7CFG

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-07 15:31 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:35
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in ammarahmad786 Calculate Prices based on Distance For WooCommerce allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects Calculate Prices based on Distance For WooCommerce: from n/a through 1.3.5.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-47602"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-05-07T15:16:13Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in ammarahmad786 Calculate Prices based on Distance For WooCommerce allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects Calculate Prices based on Distance For WooCommerce: from n/a through 1.3.5.",
  "id": "GHSA-4m6m-m354-7cfg",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T18:35:03Z",
  "published": "2025-05-07T15:31:46Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-47602"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/calculate-prices-based-on-distance-for-woocommerce/vulnerability/wordpress-calculate-prices-based-on-distance-for-woocommerce-1-3-5-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4M72-473M-W7Q8

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-02-16 00:30 – Updated: 2024-11-07 00:30
VLAI
Details

In multiple locations, there is a possible way for apps to access cross-user message data due to a missing permission check. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-40113"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-02-15T23:15:08Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "In multiple locations, there is a possible way for apps to access cross-user message data due to a missing permission check. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.",
  "id": "GHSA-4m72-473m-w7q8",
  "modified": "2024-11-07T00:30:35Z",
  "published": "2024-02-16T00:30:28Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-40113"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://android.googlesource.com/platform/packages/providers/TelephonyProvider/+/64ca6ba981745875dbf2064e0b2a47f8194c4f0a"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/2023-11-01"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4M75-R4WW-R99J

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-24 15:30 – Updated: 2026-01-20 15:32
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Assaf Parag Poll, Survey & Quiz Maker Plugin by Opinion Stage social-polls-by-opinionstage allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Poll, Survey & Quiz Maker Plugin by Opinion Stage: from n/a through <= 19.12.1.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-68594"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-12-24T13:16:26Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Assaf Parag Poll, Survey \u0026 Quiz Maker Plugin by Opinion Stage social-polls-by-opinionstage allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Poll, Survey \u0026 Quiz Maker Plugin by Opinion Stage: from n/a through \u003c= 19.12.1.",
  "id": "GHSA-4m75-r4ww-r99j",
  "modified": "2026-01-20T15:32:41Z",
  "published": "2025-12-24T15:30:43Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-68594"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/social-polls-by-opinionstage/vulnerability/wordpress-poll-survey-quiz-maker-plugin-by-opinion-stage-plugin-19-12-1-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vdp.patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/social-polls-by-opinionstage/vulnerability/wordpress-poll-survey-quiz-maker-plugin-by-opinion-stage-plugin-19-12-1-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4M9C-5F58-453X

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-01 15:35 – Updated: 2026-07-02 12:30
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability has been identified in the Feast Feature Server’s /save-document endpoint that allows an unauthenticated remote attacker to write arbitrary JSON files to the server's filesystem. Although the system attempts to restrict file locations, these protections can be bypassed, enabling an attacker to overwrite vital application configurations or startup scripts. Because this flaw requires no credentials or special privileges, any attacker with network access to the server can potentially compromise the integrity of the system. This could lead to unauthorized system modifications, denial of service through disk exhaustion, or potential remote code execution.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-23537"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-07-01T15:17:06Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability has been identified in the Feast Feature Server\u2019s `/save-document` endpoint that allows an unauthenticated remote attacker to write arbitrary JSON files to the server\u0027s filesystem. Although the system attempts to restrict file locations, these protections can be bypassed, enabling an attacker to overwrite vital application configurations or startup scripts. Because this flaw requires no credentials or special privileges, any attacker with network access to the server can potentially compromise the integrity of the system. This could lead to unauthorized system modifications, denial of service through disk exhaustion, or potential remote code execution.",
  "id": "GHSA-4m9c-5f58-453x",
  "modified": "2026-07-02T12:30:58Z",
  "published": "2026-07-01T15:35:20Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-23537"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/red-hat-data-services/feast/pull/192"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-23537"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2429304"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2026/cve-2026-23537.json"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4M9M-RMH9-2PGF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-17 03:31 – Updated: 2026-07-17 03:31
VLAI
Details

Grav before 2.0.4 contains a two-factor authentication bypass vulnerability in the login plugin where the regenerate2FASecret task checks only user existence, not authorization, during the pending TOTP challenge window. Attackers who know the victim's password can call this task without a CSRF nonce to overwrite the 2FA secret with an attacker-chosen value, compute a valid TOTP code, and complete authentication while reducing 2FA to password-only protection.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-62232"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-07-17T02:18:10Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Grav before 2.0.4 contains a two-factor authentication bypass vulnerability in the login plugin where the regenerate2FASecret task checks only user existence, not authorization, during the pending TOTP challenge window. Attackers who know the victim\u0027s password can call this task without a CSRF nonce to overwrite the 2FA secret with an attacker-chosen value, compute a valid TOTP code, and complete authentication while reducing 2FA to password-only protection.",
  "id": "GHSA-4m9m-rmh9-2pgf",
  "modified": "2026-07-17T03:31:24Z",
  "published": "2026-07-17T03:31:23Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/getgrav/grav/security/advisories/GHSA-7mgc-c7pq-3rr3"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-62232"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/grav-2fa-bypass-via-secret-regeneration"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4MCQ-HVH8-7MF7

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-23 15:31 – Updated: 2026-01-23 21:30
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Ryviu Ryviu – Product Reviews for WooCommerce ryviu allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Ryviu – Product Reviews for WooCommerce: from n/a through <= 3.1.26.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-24562"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-01-23T15:16:13Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Ryviu Ryviu \u0026#8211; Product Reviews for WooCommerce ryviu allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Ryviu \u0026#8211; Product Reviews for WooCommerce: from n/a through \u003c= 3.1.26.",
  "id": "GHSA-4mcq-hvh8-7mf7",
  "modified": "2026-01-23T21:30:43Z",
  "published": "2026-01-23T15:31:36Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-24562"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/ryviu/vulnerability/wordpress-ryviu-product-reviews-for-woocommerce-plugin-3-1-26-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4MCR-893F-MCPR

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-10-21 18:33 – Updated: 2026-10-21 18:33
VLAI
Details

Missing authorization in the REST and COM administration APIs of Progressive Robot hMailServer 6.0.0 through 6.3.6 allows a remote authenticated user whose credential is confined to named domains to change mail routing and domain configuration beyond those domains on a multi-tenant server. A domain administrator, an account or API key given another role that manages accounts in named domains, or a full-scope API key issued for named domains could create a domain alias for any name (so that other tenants' mail for that name is diverted to an address the attacker controls, or denied), rename a domain to any name the server does not host, set a rule's bind-to-address, send-using-route or script-function action to reach one of the server's own addresses, a configured route's stored credentials or a function of the server's event script, and set the domain's relay host - which delivery then connects to with no address rule - to an address on the server's own network; and over the COM API any account could set the three rule actions on its own rules, where the script-function action runs at delivery. The authorization gate did not refuse these routes to a confined credential and the handlers were not given the caller; over COM the domain-alias save performed no authorization check at all, the domain rename required only a domain administrator, and a rule save required at most that the caller could change the rule's owner.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-114489"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-10-21T16:17:35Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Missing authorization in the REST and COM administration APIs of Progressive Robot hMailServer 6.0.0 through 6.3.6 allows a remote authenticated user whose credential is confined to named domains to change mail routing and domain configuration beyond those domains on a multi-tenant server. A domain administrator, an account or API key given another role that manages accounts in named domains, or a full-scope API key issued for named domains could create a domain alias for any name (so that other tenants\u0027 mail for that name is diverted to an address the attacker controls, or denied), rename a domain to any name the server does not host, set a rule\u0027s bind-to-address, send-using-route or script-function action to reach one of the server\u0027s own addresses, a configured route\u0027s stored credentials or a function of the server\u0027s event script, and set the domain\u0027s relay host - which delivery then connects to with no address rule - to an address on the server\u0027s own network; and over the COM API any account could set the three rule actions on its own rules, where the script-function action runs at delivery. The authorization gate did not refuse these routes to a confined credential and the handlers were not given the caller; over COM the domain-alias save performed no authorization check at all, the domain rename required only a domain administrator, and a rule save required at most that the caller could change the rule\u0027s owner.",
  "id": "GHSA-4mcr-893f-mcpr",
  "modified": "2026-10-21T18:33:16Z",
  "published": "2026-10-21T18:33:16Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-114489"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://gitlab.com/hmailserver/hmailserver/-/releases/v6.3.7"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://gitlab.com/hmailserver/hmailserver/-/work_items/86"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4MFF-PX8M-G899

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-16 21:32 – Updated: 2026-09-16 21:32
VLAI
Details

Pelican Panel versions before 1.0.0-beta35 enforce startup write permissions only through disabled form controls rather than server-side authorization checks. Attackers with startup.read permission can craft Livewire state updates to invoke afterStateUpdated callbacks and modify startup commands, docker images, and variables to execute arbitrary commands in the container.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-92762"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-09-16T21:17:24Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Pelican Panel versions before 1.0.0-beta35 enforce startup write permissions only through disabled form controls rather than server-side authorization checks. Attackers with startup.read permission can craft Livewire state updates to invoke afterStateUpdated callbacks and modify startup commands, docker images, and variables to execute arbitrary commands in the container.",
  "id": "GHSA-4mff-px8m-g899",
  "modified": "2026-09-16T21:32:53Z",
  "published": "2026-09-16T21:32:53Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/pelican/panel/security/advisories/GHSA-4x28-f89q-2276"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-92762"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/pelican/panel"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/pelican/panel/blob/fab5da496f7d837574b404e34dc42764a1d6b2c3/app/Filament/Server/Pages/Startup.php#L52-L77"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/pelican-panel-before-1.0.0-beta35-authorization-bypass-via-startup"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
  • Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].

Mitigation MIT-4.4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
  • For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
  • One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
System Configuration Installation

Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.

CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws

An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.