Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-829

Allowed

Inclusion of Functionality from Untrusted Control Sphere

Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete

The product imports, requires, or includes executable functionality (such as a library) from a source that is outside of the intended control sphere.

456 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-52858 (GCVE-0-2026-52858)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-11 18:32 – Updated: 2026-06-12 12:48

Title

Vim: Arbitrary Code Execution via Python Omni-Completion

Summary

Vim is an open source, command line text editor. Prior to version 9.2.0561, the Python omni-completion script in python3complete.vim for Vim with the +python3 interpreter enabled (and the legacy pythoncomplete.vim for builds with the +python interpreter) executes the import and from statements found in the current buffer through Python's import machinery. Because the buffer's working directory is on sys.path, opening a hostile .py file with a sibling Python package and invoking omni-completion runs that package's top-level code as the editing user. This issue has been patched in version 9.2.0561.

Severity

7.3 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-06-12 03:55 UTC

CWE

CWE-94 - Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
CWE-95 - Improper Neutralization of Directives in Dynamically Evaluated Code ('Eval Injection')
CWE-829 - Inclusion of Functionality from Untrusted Control Sphere

Assigner

GitHub_M mitre root

References

3 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/vim/vim/security/advisories/GH…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/vim/vim/commit/4b850457e12e1a6…	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/vim/vim/releases/tag/v9.2.0561	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
vim	vim	Affected: < 9.2.0561

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-50562 (GCVE-0-2026-50562)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-15 16:55 – Updated: 2026-07-15 18:13

Title

FastGPT: Untrusted PR artifacts are pushed and deployed by privileged preview workflows

Summary

FastGPT is a knowledge-based AI application platform. At commit 22ebfacbb43311e9b73294040ae0eb87390c6bba and earlier, artifacts built from untrusted pull request code in .github/workflows/preview-docs-build.yml and .github/workflows/preview-fastgpt-build.yml can be downloaded by privileged workflow_run jobs in .github/workflows/preview-docs-push.yml and .github/workflows/preview-fastgpt-push.yml, allowing attacker-controlled Docker images from the document/ tree or FastGPT build context to be pushed to GHCR and, for documentation previews, deployed with secrets.KUBE_CONFIG_CN.

Severity

9.3 (Critical)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:H/SI:H/SA:L

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-07-15 18:12 UTC

CWE

CWE-266 - Incorrect Privilege Assignment
CWE-494 - Download of Code Without Integrity Check
CWE-829 - Inclusion of Functionality from Untrusted Control Sphere

Assigner

GitHub_M mitre root

References

1 reference

URL	Tags
https://github.com/labring/FastGPT/security/advis…	x_refsource_CONFIRM

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
labring	FastGPT	Affected: <= 22ebfacbb43311e9b73294040ae0eb87390c6bba

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-50195 (GCVE-0-2026-50195)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-01 17:50 – Updated: 2026-07-01 18:32

Title

containerd: CRI checkpoint import allows local image tag poisoning

Summary

containerd is an open-source container runtime. Versions prior to 2.3.2, 2.2.5 and 2.1.9 contain a vulnerability in the CRI checkpoint import process where it fails to validate the image references specified within a checkpoint image's configuration. An attacker with permissions to create pods can use a crafted checkpoint image to force containerd to pull a malicious image and assign it an arbitrary local tag, thereby poisoning the node's local image cache. Subsequently, if other pods on the same node attempt to use the poisoned tag with an IfNotPresent (or Never) pull policy, they will unknowingly execute the attacker's malicious image instead of the legitimate one. This can lead to a compromise of the affected pods, allowing the attacker to execute arbitrary code under the victim pod's identity. This issue has been fixed in versions 2.3.2, 2.2.5 and 2.1.9.

Severity

5.6 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:H/SI:H/SA:L

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-07-01 18:32 UTC

CWE

CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
CWE-829 - Inclusion of Functionality from Untrusted Control Sphere

Assigner

GitHub_M mitre root

References

1 reference

URL	Tags
https://github.com/containerd/containerd/security…	x_refsource_CONFIRM

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
containerd	containerd	Affected: >= 2.1.0, < 2.1.9 Affected: >= 2.2.0, < 2.2.5 Affected: >= 2.3.0, < 2.3.2

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-49986 (GCVE-0-2026-49986)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-14 16:21 – Updated: 2026-08-17 19:35

Title

Cortex has Untrusted Project Bootstrap Code Execution via `CLAUDE_PROJECT_DIR`

Summary

The Cortex MCP server (`neuro-cortex-memory`), a cross-platform persistent memory MCP, prior to version 3.17.1 treats the `CLAUDE_PROJECT_DIR` environment variable — automatically set by Claude Code to the currently open project directory — as a trusted Cortex developer checkout. When the `open_visualization` tool is invoked, `_find_dev_source()` resolves the user's active project directory as a candidate Cortex source root. The only validation performed by `_is_cortex_root()` is a check for the presence of an `mcp_server/` subdirectory and a `ui/unified-viz.html` file. An attacker who places these two marker files in a malicious repository can cause Cortex to execute an arbitrary `mcp_server/server/visualize_bootstrap.py` from that directory via `subprocess.run([sys.executable, ...])`, achieving code execution with the privileges of the victim's local user process. Version 3.17.1 fixes the issue.

Severity

7.1 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P

SSVC

Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-08-17 19:35 UTC

CWE

CWE-829 - Inclusion of Functionality from Untrusted Control Sphere

Assigner

GitHub_M mitre root

References

3 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/cdeust/Cortex/security/advisor…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/cdeust/Cortex/releases/tag/v3.17.1	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/ma…	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
cdeust	Cortex	Affected: < 3.17.1

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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          "value": "The Cortex MCP server (`neuro-cortex-memory`), a cross-platform persistent memory MCP, prior to version 3.17.1 treats the `CLAUDE_PROJECT_DIR` environment variable \u2014 automatically set by Claude Code to the currently open project directory \u2014 as a trusted Cortex developer checkout. When the `open_visualization` tool is invoked, `_find_dev_source()` resolves the user\u0027s active project directory as a candidate Cortex source root. The only validation performed by `_is_cortex_root()` is a check for the presence of an `mcp_server/` subdirectory and a `ui/unified-viz.html` file. An attacker who places these two marker files in a malicious repository can cause Cortex to execute an arbitrary `mcp_server/server/visualize_bootstrap.py` from that directory via `subprocess.run([sys.executable, ...])`, achieving code execution with the privileges of the victim\u0027s local user process. Version 3.17.1 fixes the issue."
        }
      ],
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          "cvssV4_0": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackRequirements": "NONE",
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      ],
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        "dateUpdated": "2026-08-14T16:21:39.125Z",
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          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/cdeust/Cortex/security/advisories/GHSA-gvpp-v77h-5w8g"
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      "source": {
        "advisory": "GHSA-gvpp-v77h-5w8g",
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      },
      "title": "Cortex has Untrusted Project Bootstrap Code Execution via `CLAUDE_PROJECT_DIR`"
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CVE-2026-48124 (GCVE-0-2026-48124)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-15 19:56 – Updated: 2026-06-16 15:00

Title

Cursor Desktop sandbox escape via Claude hook configuration

Summary

Cursor is a code editor built for programming with AI. In versions prior to 3.0.0, the Cursor Desktop could execute workspace-defined Claude hook commands from .claude/settings.local.json without dedicated user approval. A malicious workspace or agent-created file could configure hooks that run local commands in the user's context when an agent turn ends. This could allow sandbox escape, persistence across turns, local data access, or follow-on compromise. This issue has been fixed in version 3.0.0.

Severity

8.5 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-06-16 14:59 UTC

CWE

CWE-829 - Inclusion of Functionality from Untrusted Control Sphere
CWE-94 - Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')

Assigner

GitHub_M mitre root

References

1 reference

URL	Tags
https://github.com/cursor/cursor/security/advisor…	x_refsource_CONFIRM

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
cursor	cursor	Affected: < 3.0.0

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
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                "id": "CVE-2026-48124",
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CVE-2026-47781 (GCVE-0-2026-47781)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-04 18:42 – Updated: 2026-08-05 13:48

Title

pdm: Project-Controlled `.pdm-plugins` Content Executes Before CLI Parsing

Summary

PDM is a Python package and dependency manager. In versions up to and including 2.26.9, PDM automatically loads project-local plugins from a .pdm-plugins directory during initialization, allowing an attacker-controlled file in an untrusted repository checkout to execute arbitrary Python code before any command is parsed. This happens because load_plugins() runs during Core.init() and adds .pdm-plugins via site.addsitedir(), which processes .pth files and immediately executes any line beginning with import, so the code runs with the privileges of the user invoking pdm and even a benign command such as pdm --version triggers it (making the impact strongest in CI, automation, and privileged contexts). The issue is fixed in version 2.27.0.

Severity

8.4 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

SSVC

Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-08-05 13:48 UTC

CWE

CWE-829 - Inclusion of Functionality from Untrusted Control Sphere
CWE-94 - Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')

Assigner

GitHub_M mitre root

References

2 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/pdm-project/pdm/security/advis…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/pdm-project/pdm/releases/tag/2.27.0	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
pdm-project	pdm	Affected: < 2.27.0

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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  "containers": {
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        "metrics": [
          {
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                "id": "CVE-2026-47781",
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CVE-2026-47398 (GCVE-0-2026-47398)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-21 16:01 – Updated: 2026-07-21 16:33

Title

PraisonAI: Arbitrary code execution via unguarded `spec.loader.exec_module` in `agents_generator.py` - sibling of CVE-2026-44334

Summary

PraisonAI is a multi-agent teams system. The v4.6.32 chokepoint refactor (which patched CVE-2026-44334 / GHSA-xcmw-grxf-wjhj) added the PRAISONAI_ALLOW_LOCAL_TOOLS env-var gate to the tool_override.py sinks. However, two additional spec.loader.exec_module call sites in praisonai/agents_generator.py were missed and remain completely unguarded in versions prior to 4.6.40. Both functions accept a module_path parameter sourced from YAML configuration and execute it without validation, signature checking, or the env-var gate. Version 4.6.40 fixes the issue.

Severity

8.1 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

SSVC

Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-07-21 16:33 UTC

CWE

CWE-94 - Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
CWE-829 - Inclusion of Functionality from Untrusted Control Sphere

Assigner

GitHub_M mitre root

References

3 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/MervinPraison/PraisonAI/securi…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/MervinPraison/PraisonAI/pull/1685	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/MervinPraison/PraisonAI/commit…	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
MervinPraison	PraisonAI	Affected: < 4.6.40

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
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                "id": "CVE-2026-47398",
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        "advisory": "GHSA-78r8-wwqv-r299",
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      },
      "title": "PraisonAI: Arbitrary code execution via unguarded `spec.loader.exec_module` in `agents_generator.py` - sibling of CVE-2026-44334"
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CVE-2026-47292 (GCVE-0-2026-47292)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-09 17:04 – Updated: 2026-08-25 22:44

Title

Visual Studio Code MSSQL Extension Remote Code Execution Vulnerability

Summary

Inclusion of functionality from untrusted control sphere in Visual Studio Code allows an unauthorized attacker to elevate privileges locally.

Severity

7.8 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H/E:U/RL:O/RC:C

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-06-10 03:57 UTC

CWE

CWE-829 - Inclusion of Functionality from Untrusted Control Sphere
CWE-94 - Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')

Assigner

microsoft mitre root

References

1 reference

URL	Tags
https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerabi…	vendor-advisorypatch

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
Microsoft	Visual Studio Code - MSSQL Extension	Affected: 1.0.0 , < 1.43.0 (custom) cpe:2.3:a:microsoft:visual_studio_code_mssql_extension::::::::

Date Public

2026-06-09 14:00

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-47174 (GCVE-0-2026-47174)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-11 18:46 – Updated: 2026-06-11 19:47

Title

Duck Site: Untrusted pull request code can trigger privileged production deployment

Summary

In Duck Site before version 1.0.1, the repository has a deploy workflow that runs after the build workflow completes. The build workflow runs on pull requests, while the deploy workflow runs with package-write permissions and deployment secrets. If an attacker can make a pull request build satisfy the deploy workflow’s main branch condition, the deploy job checks out the triggering workflow commit, builds it into a Docker image, pushes it as latest, and triggers Dokploy deployment. This can allow attacker-controlled pull request code to become the deployed production site image without being merged. This issue has been patched in version 1.0.1.

Severity

9.5 (Critical)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H

SSVC

Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-06-11 19:40 UTC

CWE

CWE-829 - Inclusion of Functionality from Untrusted Control Sphere

Assigner

GitHub_M mitre root

References

1 reference

URL	Tags
https://github.com/duck-organization/duck-site/se…	x_refsource_CONFIRM

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
duck-organization	duck-site	Affected: < 1.0.1

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-47172 (GCVE-0-2026-47172)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-11 18:28 – Updated: 2026-06-11 19:38

Title

Quest Bot: Untrusted pull request code can be built and deployed by privileged `workflow_run` deployment.

Summary

Quest Bot is an opensource modern Discord Bot built for moderation, utilities and support. Prior to version 1.0.3, the repository has a privileged deploy workflow that runs after the unprivileged build workflow completes. The build workflow runs on pull requests, and the deploy workflow checks out the triggering workflow’s head_sha, builds that code into a Docker image, pushes it as latest, and triggers production deployment. If an attacker can open a pull request from a branch named main, the deploy workflow condition can treat the PR build as deployable and build the attacker-controlled commit in a privileged deployment context. This can result in malicious container deployment and production bot compromise. This issue has been patched in version 1.0.3.

Severity

9.5 (Critical)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H

SSVC

Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-06-11 19:37 UTC

CWE

CWE-829 - Inclusion of Functionality from Untrusted Control Sphere

Assigner

GitHub_M mitre root

References

2 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/duck-organization/questbot/sec…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/duck-organization/questbot/rel…	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
duck-organization	quest-bot	Affected: < 1.0.3

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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Mitigation MIT-4

Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].

Mitigation MIT-21.1

Architecture and Design

Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion

When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
For example, ID 1 could map to "inbox.txt" and ID 2 could map to "profile.txt". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.

Mitigation MIT-15

Architecture and Design

For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.

Mitigation MIT-22

Architecture and Design Operation

Strategy: Sandbox or Jail

Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.

Mitigation MIT-17

Architecture and Design Operation

Strategy: Environment Hardening

Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.

Mitigation MIT-5.1

Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
When validating filenames, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set to be used. If feasible, only allow a single "." character in the filename to avoid weaknesses such as CWE-23, and exclude directory separators such as "/" to avoid CWE-36. Use a list of allowable file extensions, which will help to avoid CWE-434.
Do not rely exclusively on a filtering mechanism that removes potentially dangerous characters. This is equivalent to a denylist, which may be incomplete (CWE-184). For example, filtering "/" is insufficient protection if the filesystem also supports the use of "\" as a directory separator. Another possible error could occur when the filtering is applied in a way that still produces dangerous data (CWE-182). For example, if "../" sequences are removed from the ".../...//" string in a sequential fashion, two instances of "../" would be removed from the original string, but the remaining characters would still form the "../" string.

Mitigation MIT-34

Architecture and Design Operation

Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction

Store library, include, and utility files outside of the web document root, if possible. Otherwise, store them in a separate directory and use the web server's access control capabilities to prevent attackers from directly requesting them. One common practice is to define a fixed constant in each calling program, then check for the existence of the constant in the library/include file; if the constant does not exist, then the file was directly requested, and it can exit immediately.
This significantly reduces the chance of an attacker being able to bypass any protection mechanisms that are in the base program but not in the include files. It will also reduce the attack surface.

Mitigation MIT-6

Architecture and Design Implementation

Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction

Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
Many file inclusion problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, especially for cookies and URL components.

Mitigation MIT-29

Operation

Strategy: Firewall

Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].

CAPEC-175: Code Inclusion

An adversary exploits a weakness on the target to force arbitrary code to be retrieved locally or from a remote location and executed. This differs from code injection in that code injection involves the direct inclusion of code while code inclusion involves the addition or replacement of a reference to a code file, which is subsequently loaded by the target and used as part of the code of some application.

CAPEC-201: Serialized Data External Linking

An adversary creates a serialized data file (e.g. XML, YAML, etc...) that contains an external data reference. Because serialized data parsers may not validate documents with external references, there may be no checks on the nature of the reference in the external data. This can allow an adversary to open arbitrary files or connections, which may further lead to the adversary gaining access to information on the system that they would normally be unable to obtain.

CAPEC-228: DTD Injection

An attacker injects malicious content into an application's DTD in an attempt to produce a negative technical impact. DTDs are used to describe how XML documents are processed. Certain malformed DTDs (for example, those with excessive entity expansion as described in CAPEC 197) can cause the XML parsers that process the DTDs to consume excessive resources resulting in resource depletion.

CAPEC-251: Local Code Inclusion

The attacker forces an application to load arbitrary code files from the local machine. The attacker could use this to try to load old versions of library files that have known vulnerabilities, to load files that the attacker placed on the local machine during a prior attack, or to otherwise change the functionality of the targeted application in unexpected ways.

CAPEC-252: PHP Local File Inclusion

The attacker loads and executes an arbitrary local PHP file on a target machine. The attacker could use this to try to load old versions of PHP files that have known vulnerabilities, to load PHP files that the attacker placed on the local machine during a prior attack, or to otherwise change the functionality of the targeted application in unexpected ways.

CAPEC-253: Remote Code Inclusion

The attacker forces an application to load arbitrary code files from a remote location. The attacker could use this to try to load old versions of library files that have known vulnerabilities, to load malicious files that the attacker placed on the remote machine, or to otherwise change the functionality of the targeted application in unexpected ways.

CAPEC-263: Force Use of Corrupted Files

This describes an attack where an application is forced to use a file that an attacker has corrupted. The result is often a denial of service caused by the application being unable to process the corrupted file, but other results, including the disabling of filters or access controls (if the application fails in an unsafe way rather than failing by locking down) or buffer overflows are possible.

CAPEC-538: Open-Source Library Manipulation

Adversaries implant malicious code in open source software (OSS) libraries to have it widely distributed, as OSS is commonly downloaded by developers and other users to incorporate into software development projects. The adversary can have a particular system in mind to target, or the implantation can be the first stage of follow-on attacks on many systems.

CAPEC-549: Local Execution of Code

An adversary installs and executes malicious code on the target system in an effort to achieve a negative technical impact. Examples include rootkits, ransomware, spyware, adware, and others.

CAPEC-640: Inclusion of Code in Existing Process

The adversary takes advantage of a bug in an application failing to verify the integrity of the running process to execute arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. The adversary could use running code in the context of another process to try to access process's memory, system/network resources, etc. The goal of this attack is to evade detection defenses and escalate privileges by masking the malicious code under an existing legitimate process. Examples of approaches include but not limited to: dynamic-link library (DLL) injection, portable executable injection, thread execution hijacking, ptrace system calls, VDSO hijacking, function hooking, reflective code loading, and more.

CAPEC-660: Root/Jailbreak Detection Evasion via Hooking

An adversary forces a non-restricted mobile application to load arbitrary code or code files, via Hooking, with the goal of evading Root/Jailbreak detection. Mobile device users often Root/Jailbreak their devices in order to gain administrative control over the mobile operating system and/or to install third-party mobile applications that are not provided by authorized application stores (e.g. Google Play Store and Apple App Store). Adversaries may further leverage these capabilities to escalate privileges or bypass access control on legitimate applications. Although many mobile applications check if a mobile device is Rooted/Jailbroken prior to authorized use of the application, adversaries may be able to "hook" code in order to circumvent these checks. Successfully evading Root/Jailbreak detection allows an adversary to execute administrative commands, obtain confidential data, impersonate legitimate users of the application, and more.

CAPEC-695: Repo Jacking

An adversary takes advantage of the redirect property of directly linked Version Control System (VCS) repositories to trick users into incorporating malicious code into their applications.

CAPEC-698: Install Malicious Extension

An adversary directly installs or tricks a user into installing a malicious extension into existing trusted software, with the goal of achieving a variety of negative technical impacts.

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