Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-73
AllowedExternal Control of File Name or Path
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product allows user input to control or influence paths or file names that are used in filesystem operations.
1296 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GCVE-1-2026-20056 (CVE-2026-94401)
Vulnerability from gna-1 – Published: 2026-09-21 13:35 – Updated: 2026-09-21 13:36
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
MISP Arbitrary Local File Read and SSRF via MISP Export Upload
Summary
MISP has a file-handling vulnerability that could let certain authenticated users make the server read files or access internal network services.
When importing an XML file, MISP did not properly verify that the uploaded content was actually XML. Because of this, a user with permission to modify data could upload a file containing a local file path or a web address instead.
If a local file path was supplied, MISP could read that file from the server. If a URL was supplied, MISP could make a request to that address, including systems that may only be reachable from inside the organization’s network.
The vulnerability could therefore expose sensitive local files and allow unauthorized requests to internal services.
Exploitation required a valid MISP account with modify permissions, but no additional user interaction was needed.
Version affected: <2.5.47
Severity
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/MISP/MISP/commit/d5f247b91 | patch |
GCVE extensions
AI-generated
Confidence: high
Model
qwen3.8:27b
advisory
bcp-05-x-01bcp-05-x-02
Draft vulnerability metadata was generated from a git-format patch using an Ollama-hosted language model. Human validation is required before publication.
ai-computer-assisted:llm-generatedai-computer-assisted:classification
| Model | Source | Identifier |
|---|---|---|
| qwen3.8:27b | ollama | qwen3.8:27b |
- Generator
-
patch2vuln.pyon 2026-09-21 13:28 - Model
qwen3.8:27b- Input
-
https://github.com/MISP/MISP/commit/d5f247b91.patch
004f65b4d416… - Confidence
- high
| Commit | Subject | Patch SHA-256 |
|---|---|---|
d5f247b91ad3
|
fix: [security] Refuse a MISP export upload whose content is | 004f65b4d416… |
Fix summary
The fix introduces two defensive measures in addMISPExportFile(): (1) a pre-parse validation that rejects any uploaded content not containing an XML document marker (the '<' character), preventing path or URL strings from reaching the XML parser; and (2) an explicit readFile => false option passed to Xml::build(), which disables the library's ability to interpret the input as a file path or URL to be read or fetched. Together these changes ensure that only genuine XML document content is parsed and that no server-side file access or network request is triggered by user-supplied data.
Patch summary
In app/Model/Event.php, the single line calling Xml::toArray(Xml::build($data)) is replaced with a guard clause that throws an Exception if strpos($data, '<') === false, followed by Xml::toArray(Xml::build($data, ['readFile' => false])). Nine lines are added (including a four-line explanatory comment) and one line is removed. No other files are modified.
CVSS rationale
AV:N: exploitation occurs over the network via the MISP web interface. AC:L: the attack is deterministic; uploading a file with a path or URL as content reliably triggers the read/fetch. AT:N: no special target-side conditions are required. PR:L: the attacker needs an authenticated account with perm_modify (a non-privileged but authenticated role). UI:N: the attacker performs the upload autonomously; no victim interaction is needed. VC:H: arbitrary local file read exposes sensitive server data (credentials, configs, keys). VI:N: the imported data is stored as an event but does not corrupt application state or logic. VA:N: no denial-of-service impact is indicated. SC:H: the SSRF component allows the attacker to read responses from internal services (metadata endpoints, admin panels, etc.), impacting subsequent-component confidentiality. SI:N and SA:N: no evidence of integrity or availability impact on subsequent components from the patch evidence.
Weakness rationale
- CWE-918 The primary and most severe impact is that an attacker-supplied URL in the uploaded file body causes the MISP server to issue an HTTP request to an arbitrary internal or external address and import the response. This is a textbook SSRF: user-controlled input is used as a network request target by the server.
- CWE-73 The secondary impact is that a user-supplied local file path in the uploaded file body is passed to Xml::build() which reads that file from the server's filesystem. The attacker controls the file path that the server reads, matching CWE-73. CWE-22 (Path Traversal) was considered but the input is not a relative traversal sequence; it is an absolute path chosen by the attacker, making CWE-73 the more precise mapping.
Attack pattern rationale
- CAPEC-126 The patch explicitly describes the SSRF vector: an .xml upload containing a URL causes MISP to fetch that URL and import the result. CAPEC-126 describes an attacker manipulating a server-side application to make it issue requests to unintended targets, which is exactly the attack demonstrated here. The local-file-read aspect is a secondary manifestation of the same root cause (unvalidated input passed to a function that resolves locators) and is subsumed by the SSRF pattern in this context.
- CAPEC-2 The attacker manipulates the content parameter of the MISP export upload to supply a file path or URL instead of a valid XML document. CAPEC-2 covers the general technique of altering application parameters to trigger unintended behavior. This is a secondary mapping; CAPEC-126 is the more specific and primary pattern. The uncertainty is that CAPEC-2 is broader and less precise than CAPEC-126 for this specific vulnerability.
Assumptions to verify
- The commit message states the vulnerability was 'found during the internal review, not externally reported,' so no external finder or reporter credit is assigned. The internal reviewer's identity is not specified in the patch metadata.
- The affected version range is inferred from the tag_version_boundary (v2.5.47 with 40 commits after the fix), but exact affected and fixed version numbers are not stated in the patch. The boundary is recorded as a reference point only.
- PR:L assumes that perm_modify is a non-administrative, commonly granted role in MISP deployments. If perm_modify is equivalent to full administrative access in some configurations, PR could be elevated to PR:H.
- The CAPEC-2 mapping is a broader, secondary pattern included for completeness; CAPEC-126 is the primary and most specific match. The uncertainty is noted in the CAPEC-2 rationale.
- The commit message references an operator-precedence issue in Xml::build()'s readFile guard not covering the https branch. This is taken as evidence from the commit message and patch comments; the actual Xml utility source is not included in the patch, so the exact mechanism of the https bypass is assumed rather than verified.
- CVSS SC:H assumes the SSRF can reach internal services with sensitive data. If the deployment restricts outbound network access, SC could be reduced.
Model comparison
Selected qwen3.8:27b
by deterministic-consensus-v1
The selected result is closest to model consensus; this heuristic does not establish factual correctness and human review remains required.
| Model | Score | Agreement | Confidence | Assumptions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
qwen3.8:27b |
5 | 9 | high | 6 |
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CVE-2026-19353 (GCVE-0-2026-19353)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-09 12:45 – Updated: 2026-08-11 01:46
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
DedeCMS Installation Wizard index.php _4_Setup file inclusion
Summary
A vulnerability has been found in DedeCMS up to 5.7.118 UTF8SP2. The affected element is the function _4_Setup of the file install/index.php of the component Installation Wizard. Such manipulation leads to file inclusion. The attack can be executed remotely. This attack is characterized by high complexity. The exploitability is described as difficult. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-11 01:46 UTC
CWE
- CWE-73 - File Inclusion
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/387207 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/387207/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-19353 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/865977 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/I4m6da/CVE/issues/9 | exploitissue-tracking |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-19011 (GCVE-0-2026-19011)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-06 07:15 – Updated: 2026-08-06 11:54
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
TinyAGI agents.ts buildSystemPrompt file inclusion
Summary
A vulnerability was detected in TinyAGI 0.0.20. The affected element is the function buildSystemPrompt of the file packages/server/src/routes/agents.ts. Performing a manipulation results in file inclusion. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit is now public and may be used. The project was informed of the problem early through an issue report but has not responded yet.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-06 11:45 UTC
CWE
- CWE-73 - File Inclusion
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/386404 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/386404/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-19011 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/862674 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/TinyAGI/tinyagi/issues/283 | exploitissue-tracking |
| https://github.com/TinyAGI/tinyagi/ | product |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-19009 (GCVE-0-2026-19009)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-06 06:45 – Updated: 2026-08-06 12:37
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
TinyAGI Message API Endpoint response.ts collectFiles file inclusion
Summary
A weakness has been identified in TinyAGI 0.0.20. This issue affects the function collectFiles of the file packages/core/src/response.ts of the component Message API Endpoint. This manipulation causes file inclusion. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been made available to the public and could be used for attacks. The project was informed of the problem early through an issue report but has not responded yet.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-06 12:37 UTC
CWE
- CWE-73 - File Inclusion
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/386402 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/386402/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-19009 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/862672 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/TinyAGI/tinyagi/issues/282 | exploitissue-tracking |
| https://github.com/TinyAGI/tinyagi/ | product |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-18806 (GCVE-0-2026-18806)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-04 12:38 – Updated: 2026-08-10 11:33
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Arbitrary Block Device Write via Missing Validation in TÜBİTAK BİLGEM's pardus-image-writer
Summary
External control of file name or path vulnerability in TÜBİTAK BİLGEM Software Technologies Research Institute pardus-image-writer allows Removing Important Client Functionality.
This issue affects pardus-image-writer: before 0.9.0.
Severity
7.1 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-04 15:37 UTC
CWE
- CWE-73 - External control of file name or path
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://siberguvenlik.gov.tr/guvenlik-bildirimler… | government-resource |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| TÜBİTAK BİLGEM Software Technologies Research Institute | pardus-image-writer |
Affected:
0 , < 0.9.0
(custom)
|
Date Public
2026-08-04 12:26
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CVE-2026-18751 (GCVE-0-2026-18751)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-18 12:26 – Updated: 2026-08-19 03:55
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Citrix Workspace App for Mac Security Bulletin for CVE-2026-18751
Summary
External control of file name or path vulnerability in Citrix WorkSpace App on MacOS.
This issue affects WorkSpace App: 2607.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-18 00:00 UTC
CWE
- CWE-73 - External control of file name or path
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Citrix | WorkSpace App |
Affected:
2607
(patch)
|
Date Public
2026-08-18 12:00
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CVE-2026-18127 (GCVE-0-2026-18127)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-11 14:23 – Updated: 2026-08-11 14:49
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
External control of a filename in the Core of Ivanti Endpoint Manager before version 2024 SU7 allows a remote authenticated attacker full write control over an S3 bucket configured for session recording storage.
Severity
7.7 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-11 14:49 UTC
CWE
- CWE-73 - External control of file name or path
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ivanti | Endpoint Manager |
Unaffected:
2024 SU7
(custom)
|
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CVE-2026-17482 (GCVE-0-2026-17482)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-13 20:39 – Updated: 2026-08-17 18:18
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
IBM Documentation Offline is vulnerable to information disclosure, session forgery and remote code execution
Summary
IBM Documentation Offline 1.0.0 through 1.4.1 could allow a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code due to improper control of file paths.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-17 17:12 UTC
CWE
- CWE-73 - External Control of File Name or Path
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7283484 | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| IBM | Documentation Offline |
Affected:
1.0.0 , ≤ 1.4.1
(semver)
cpe:2.3:a:ibm:documentation_offline:1.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:documentation_offline:1.4.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-17431 (GCVE-0-2026-17431)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-12 23:12 – Updated: 2026-08-13 13:09
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
PDF::WebKit versions through 1.2 for Perl allow OS command injection via a 2-arg open() of the output path in to_pdf and of stylesheet paths in _style_tag_for
Summary
PDF::WebKit versions through 1.2 for Perl allow OS command injection via a 2-arg open() of the output path in to_pdf and of stylesheet paths in _style_tag_for.
to_pdf reads the generated PDF back from its path argument, and _style_tag_for reads each entry of the stylesheets list, by assigning the path to a local @ARGV and reading it with the diamond operator, which opens each @ARGV element with Perl's 2-arg open(). A value that begins or ends with a pipe ("| cmd", "cmd |") is run as a command rather than opened as a file, and one that begins with a redirect ("> path", ">> path") opens that path for write or append. to_file forwards its path argument to to_pdf and reaches the same read.
Any caller that forwards untrusted input as the output path or as a stylesheets entry can run a command under the process UID; with the "cmd |" form the command's output is returned in place of the PDF, and with the "> path" form the named file is truncated. Stylesheets may only be added to an HTML source, so a URL or file source exposes the output path alone.
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-13 13:09 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| MITHALDU | PDF::WebKit |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 1.2
(custom)
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CVE-2026-17184 (GCVE-0-2026-17184)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-14 19:22 – Updated: 2026-08-18 03:55
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
IBM Db2 Mirror for i is affected by multiple vulnerabilities
Summary
IBM Db2 Mirror for i 7.4, 7.5, and 7.6 could allow a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code due to external control of file name or path.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-17 00:00 UTC
CWE
- CWE-73 - External Control of File Name or Path
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7283359 | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| IBM | Db2 Mirror for i |
Affected:
7.4
Affected: 7.5 Affected: 7.6 cpe:2.3:a:ibm:db2_mirror_for_i:7.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:db2_mirror_for_i:7.4.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:db2_mirror_for_i:7.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:db2_mirror_for_i:7.5.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:db2_mirror_for_i:7.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:db2_mirror_for_i:7.6.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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"status": "affected",
"version": "7.5"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "7.6"
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]
}
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"value": "\u003cp\u003eIBM Db2 Mirror for i 7.4, 7.5, and 7.6 could allow a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code due to external control of file name or path.\u003c/p\u003e"
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"value": "IBM Db2 Mirror for i 7.4, 7.5, and 7.6 could allow a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code due to external control of file name or path."
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"metrics": [
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackVector": "NETWORK",
"availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
"baseScore": 9.8,
"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL",
"confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
"integrityImpact": "HIGH",
"privilegesRequired": "NONE",
"scope": "UNCHANGED",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"version": "3.1"
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"format": "CVSS",
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"value": "GENERAL"
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"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-73",
"description": "CWE-73 External Control of File Name or Path",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
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]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-08-14T19:22:28.695Z",
"orgId": "9a959283-ebb5-44b6-b705-dcc2bbced522",
"shortName": "ibm"
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"references": [
{
"tags": [
"vendor-advisory",
"patch"
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"url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7283359"
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"solutions": [
{
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"value": "\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cp\u003eIBM strongly recommends addressing the vulnerability now.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003eIBM i Release\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e5770-DBM PTF Numbers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003ePTF Download Link\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003eSJ10947\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.ibm.com/mysupport/s/fix-information?legacy=SJ10947\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"\u003ehttps://www.ibm.com/mysupport/s/fix-information?legacy=SJ10947\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003eSJ10961\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.ibm.com/mysupport/s/fix-information?legacy=SJ10961\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"\u003ehttps://www.ibm.com/mysupport/s/fix-information?legacy=SJ10961\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003eSJ10948\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.ibm.com/mysupport/s/fix-information?legacy=SJ10948\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"\u003ehttps://www.ibm.com/mysupport/s/fix-information?legacy=SJ10948\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.ibm.com/support/fixcentral\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttps://www.ibm.com/support/fixcentral\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"
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"value": "IBM strongly recommends addressing the vulnerability now.\n\n\n\n\n\nIBM i Release\n\n\n\n5770-DBM PTF Numbers\n\n\n\nPTF Download Link\n\n\n\n7.4\n\n\n\nSJ10947\n\n\n\n https://www.ibm.com/mysupport/s/fix-information?legacy=SJ10947 \n\n\n\n7.5\n\n\n\nSJ10961\n\n\n\n https://www.ibm.com/mysupport/s/fix-information?legacy=SJ10961 \n\n\n\n7.6\n\n\n\nSJ10948\n\n\n\n https://www.ibm.com/mysupport/s/fix-information?legacy=SJ10948 \n\n\n\n\n\n https://www.ibm.com/support/fixcentral"
}
],
"title": "IBM Db2 Mirror for i is affected by multiple vulnerabilities"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "9a959283-ebb5-44b6-b705-dcc2bbced522",
"assignerShortName": "ibm",
"cveId": "CVE-2026-17184",
"datePublished": "2026-08-14T19:22:28.695Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-07-24T18:39:37.465Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-08-18T03:55:22.532Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
}
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
When the set of filenames is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames, and reject all other inputs. For example, ID 1 could map to "inbox.txt" and ID 2 could map to "profile.txt". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap provide this capability.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Operation
- Run your code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict all access to files within a particular directory.
- Examples include the Unix chroot jail and AppArmor. In general, managed code may provide some protection.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of your application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation MIT-5.1
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- When validating filenames, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set to be used. If feasible, only allow a single "." character in the filename to avoid weaknesses such as CWE-23, and exclude directory separators such as "/" to avoid CWE-36. Use a list of allowable file extensions, which will help to avoid CWE-434.
- Do not rely exclusively on a filtering mechanism that removes potentially dangerous characters. This is equivalent to a denylist, which may be incomplete (CWE-184). For example, filtering "/" is insufficient protection if the filesystem also supports the use of "\" as a directory separator. Another possible error could occur when the filtering is applied in a way that still produces dangerous data (CWE-182). For example, if "../" sequences are removed from the ".../...//" string in a sequential fashion, two instances of "../" would be removed from the original string, but the remaining characters would still form the "../" string.
Mitigation
Implementation
Use a built-in path canonicalization function (such as realpath() in C) that produces the canonical version of the pathname, which effectively removes ".." sequences and symbolic links (CWE-23, CWE-59).
Mitigation
Installation
Operation
Use OS-level permissions and run as a low-privileged user to limit the scope of any successful attack.
Mitigation
Operation
Implementation
If you are using PHP, configure your application so that it does not use register_globals. During implementation, develop your application so that it does not rely on this feature, but be wary of implementing a register_globals emulation that is subject to weaknesses such as CWE-95, CWE-621, and similar issues.
Mitigation
Testing
Use tools and techniques that require manual (human) analysis, such as penetration testing, threat modeling, and interactive tools that allow the tester to record and modify an active session. These may be more effective than strictly automated techniques. This is especially the case with weaknesses that are related to design and business rules.
CAPEC-13: Subverting Environment Variable Values
The adversary directly or indirectly modifies environment variables used by or controlling the target software. The adversary's goal is to cause the target software to deviate from its expected operation in a manner that benefits the adversary.
CAPEC-267: Leverage Alternate Encoding
An adversary leverages the possibility to encode potentially harmful input or content used by applications such that the applications are ineffective at validating this encoding standard.
CAPEC-64: Using Slashes and URL Encoding Combined to Bypass Validation Logic
This attack targets the encoding of the URL combined with the encoding of the slash characters. An attacker can take advantage of the multiple ways of encoding a URL and abuse the interpretation of the URL. A URL may contain special character that need special syntax handling in order to be interpreted. Special characters are represented using a percentage character followed by two digits representing the octet code of the original character (%HEX-CODE). For instance US-ASCII space character would be represented with %20. This is often referred as escaped ending or percent-encoding. Since the server decodes the URL from the requests, it may restrict the access to some URL paths by validating and filtering out the URL requests it received. An attacker will try to craft an URL with a sequence of special characters which once interpreted by the server will be equivalent to a forbidden URL. It can be difficult to protect against this attack since the URL can contain other format of encoding such as UTF-8 encoding, Unicode-encoding, etc.
CAPEC-72: URL Encoding
This attack targets the encoding of the URL. An adversary can take advantage of the multiple way of encoding an URL and abuse the interpretation of the URL.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.
CAPEC-78: Using Escaped Slashes in Alternate Encoding
This attack targets the use of the backslash in alternate encoding. An adversary can provide a backslash as a leading character and causes a parser to believe that the next character is special. This is called an escape. By using that trick, the adversary tries to exploit alternate ways to encode the same character which leads to filter problems and opens avenues to attack.
CAPEC-79: Using Slashes in Alternate Encoding
This attack targets the encoding of the Slash characters. An adversary would try to exploit common filtering problems related to the use of the slashes characters to gain access to resources on the target host. Directory-driven systems, such as file systems and databases, typically use the slash character to indicate traversal between directories or other container components. For murky historical reasons, PCs (and, as a result, Microsoft OSs) choose to use a backslash, whereas the UNIX world typically makes use of the forward slash. The schizophrenic result is that many MS-based systems are required to understand both forms of the slash. This gives the adversary many opportunities to discover and abuse a number of common filtering problems. The goal of this pattern is to discover server software that only applies filters to one version, but not the other.
CAPEC-80: Using UTF-8 Encoding to Bypass Validation Logic
This attack is a specific variation on leveraging alternate encodings to bypass validation logic. This attack leverages the possibility to encode potentially harmful input in UTF-8 and submit it to applications not expecting or effective at validating this encoding standard making input filtering difficult. UTF-8 (8-bit UCS/Unicode Transformation Format) is a variable-length character encoding for Unicode. Legal UTF-8 characters are one to four bytes long. However, early version of the UTF-8 specification got some entries wrong (in some cases it permitted overlong characters). UTF-8 encoders are supposed to use the "shortest possible" encoding, but naive decoders may accept encodings that are longer than necessary. According to the RFC 3629, a particularly subtle form of this attack can be carried out against a parser which performs security-critical validity checks against the UTF-8 encoded form of its input, but interprets certain illegal octet sequences as characters.