Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-703
DiscouragedImproper Check or Handling of Exceptional Conditions
Abstraction: Pillar · Status: Incomplete
The product does not properly anticipate or handle exceptional conditions that rarely occur during normal operation of the product.
212 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-VGF2-GVX8-XWC3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-14 16:34 – Updated: 2025-04-24 14:39
VLAI
Summary
Vyper Does Not Check the Success of Certain Precompile Calls
Details
Summary
When the Vyper Compiler uses the precompiles EcRecover (0x1) and Identity (0x4), the success flag of the call is not checked. As a consequence an attacker can provide a specific amount of gas to make these calls fail but let the overall execution continue. Then the execution result can be incorrect.
Based on EVM's rules, after the failed precompile the remaining code has only 1/64 of the pre-call-gas left (as 63/64 were forwarded and spent). Hence, only fairly simple executions can follow the failed precompile calls. Therefore, we found no significantly impacted real-world contracts.
The fix is tracked in https://github.com/vyperlang/vyper/pull/4451.
Details
The relevant precompiles
EcRecover
EcRecover is used in vyper's ecrecover built-in. As the precompile consumes 3000 gas, any execution after an out-of-gas EcRecover call has at most 47 gas left.
Identity
- The Identity precompile is used in vyper to perform memory copy operations. As its cost is variable, a variable amount of gas might be left after a failed call. The bigger the copy operation, the more gas can be left. Hence, a failed call to Identity could theoretically be followed by successful storage changes or emitted events.
- Identity is no longer used when
evm-versioncancunis used (becauseMCOPYis used instead). In 0.4.0cancunis default, in 0.3.10cancunis an option, otherwisecancunis not available. As only pre-cancunversions are relevant, we don't have to consider transient storage operations succeeding a failed call to Identity.
The other precompiles
- Calls to
Sha2,ecAdd, andecMulhave success checks and have had them for a long time. - The precompiles
modexp,ripe,blake,ecPairing, andPoint Evaluationhave no builtins in vyper.
PoC
In the following we provide concrete examples of incorrectly generated bytecode. These examples are not optimized, but rather Proof-of-Concepts. The list is also not exhaustive.
ecrecover use
- Affected versions: 0.2.0 - 0.4.0
- For older compiler versions (<=0.3.9) it behaves similarly to this older advisory. As no data is returned, the previous value of the memory word is returned to the user. Hence, any dirty bytes might be returned. Contracts with older compiler versions and
ecrecoverwere checked. - For new vyper versions, the output buffer is zeroed, so when the call fails zero is returned. This is an incorrect result, but developers should anyway check for 0 as a failure case. Hence, this is unlikely to result in issues. However, we did search for such cases.
- As mentioned above at most 47 gas is left after the failed call, hence a
returnis the most realistic scenario to be attacked.
Vulnerable Code:
@external
@view
def foo(hash: bytes32, v: uint256, r:uint256, s:uint256) -> address:
return ecrecover(hash, v, r, s)
Problematic Call:
print(
c.foo(
binascii.unhexlify(
"6c9c5e133b8aafb2ea74f524a5263495e7ae5701c7248805f7b511d973dc7055"
),
28,
78616903610408968922803823221221116251138855211764625814919875002740131251724,
37668412420813231458864536126575229553064045345107737433087067088194345044408,
)
) # Returns 0x9eE53ad38Bb67d745223a4257D7d48cE973FeB7A
print(
c.foo(
binascii.unhexlify(
"6c9c5e133b8aafb2ea74f524a5263495e7ae5701c7248805f7b511d973dc7055"
),
28,
78616903610408968922803823221221116251138855211764625814919875002740131251724,
37668412420813231458864536126575229553064045345107737433087067088194345044408,
gas=3000,
)
) # Returns 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
Identity to copy Dynamic Arrays
- Affected versions: 0.3.2 - 0.3.9
- Dynamic Arrays might be copied on different occasions
- That copy operation can fail leading to incorrect accesses afterwards
Vulnerable Code:
@external
def foo() -> uint256:
a: DynArray[uint256, 4000] = [2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 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0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
b: DynArray[uint256, 4000] = a
return b[0]
Problematic Call:
print(c.foo()) # Prints 2
print(c.foo(gas=170000)) # Prints 0
Identity in ABI Encoding of Returndata
- Affected versions: 0.3.2 - 0.4.0
- Complex types such as Dynamic array with Strings inside need to be abi encoded before being returned
- In that
returnthere is a memory copy which can fail
Vulnerable Code:
@external
@view
def foo(x: String[1000000], y: String[1000000]) -> DynArray[String[1000000], 2]:
z: DynArray[String[1000000], 2] = [x, y]
# Some code
return z
Problematic Call:
calldata0 = "a"*10
calldata1 = "b"*1000000
c.foo(calldata0, calldata1) # Returns correct data
c.foo(calldata0, calldata1, gas=48_400_000) # Returns incorrect data (only first part)
Assertion based on data copied through Identity
- Affected versions: 0.2.0 - 0.4.0
- An incomplete copy operation might falsify the result of a subsequent
assert
Vulnerable Code:
@internal
def bar() -> uint256[3000]:
a: uint256[3000] = [2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 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0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
return a
@external
def foo():
s: uint256[3000] = self.bar()
assert(s[0] == 0)
Problematic Call:
try:
c.foo() # Correctly reverts
except Exception as e:
print("Correctly reverted")
try:
c.foo(gas=210000) # Incorrectly succeeds
print("Incorrectly succeeded")
except Exception:
pass
Identity used in raw_revert
- Affected versions: 0.3.8 - 0.4.0
- A copy operation might appear as part of raw_revert
- As a result the revert reason might be incorrect
Vulnerable Code:
@external
def foo(_data: Bytes[10000]):
b: Bytes[10000] = _data
raw_revert(b)
Problematic Call:
calldata = binascii.unhexlify("bb" * 10_000)
c.foo(calldata) # Has correct revert reason
c.foo(calldata, gas=4_800) # Has empty revert reason, but not out-of-gas
Identity to copy static arrays
- Affected versions: 0.2.0 - 0.4.0
- Vyper might perform a memory copy for static arrays, e.g. when moving them in and out of internal functions
- As this access is especially cheap (due to the static checks) it can also happen for smaller sizes
Vulnerable Code:
@external
def foo(x: uint256[2500]) -> uint256:
s: uint256[2500] = x
t: uint256[2500] = s
return t[0]
Problematic Call:
calldata = [2] + [0] * 2499
print(c.foo(calldata)) # Prints 2
print(c.foo(calldata, gas=74500)) # Prints 0
Identity to copy and return String or Bytes
- Affected versions: 0.20 - 0.4.0
- Multiple situations in vyper might trigger a memory copy operation, e.g. moving data in and out of internal functions
- If the target buffer is later returned, incorrect data might be returned
Vulnerable Code:
@external
@view
def foo(x: String[1000000]) -> String[1000000]:
return x
Problematic Call:
calldata = "a"*1000000
x = c.foo(calldata) # Returns calldata
y = c.foo(calldata, gas=8_000_000) # Returns empty data
Identity and accessing the length of the target data
- Affected versions: 0.3.10 - 0.4.0
- Accessing the data is fairly cheap, making it possible for smaller data copies
Vulnerable Code:
@external
@view
def foo(x: String[1000000]) -> uint256:
y: String[1000000] = x
return len(y)
Problematic Call:
calldata = "a"*1000000
x = c.foo(calldata) # Returns correct length
y = c.foo(calldata, gas=7_929_200) # Returns incorrect length
Identity to copy and return String or Bytes
- Affected versions: 0.3.10 - 0.4.0
- Multiple situations in vyper might trigger a memory copy operation, e.g. moving data in and out of internal functions
- If the target buffer is later returned, incorrect data might be returned
Vulnerable Code:
@external
@view
def foo(x: String[1000000]) -> String[1000000]:
return x
Problematic Call:
calldata = "a"*1000000
x = c.foo(calldata) # Returns calldata
y = c.foo(calldata, gas=8_000_000) # Returns empty data
Impact
A contract search was conducted and yielded no significant results.
The advisory was rated a medium because the likelihood is low, but difficult to detect by source code analysis alone, and could yield unexpected results if a contract is affected by the bug.
Severity
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c 0.4.1"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "vyper"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-21607"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-670",
"CWE-703"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-01-14T16:34:20Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-01-14T18:16:05Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "### Summary\n\nWhen the Vyper Compiler uses the precompiles EcRecover (0x1) and Identity (0x4), the success flag of the call is not checked. As a consequence an attacker can provide a specific amount of gas to make these calls fail but let the overall execution continue. Then the execution result can be incorrect.\n\nBased on EVM\u0027s rules, after the failed precompile the remaining code has only 1/64 of the pre-call-gas left (as 63/64 were forwarded and spent). Hence, only fairly simple executions can follow the failed precompile calls. Therefore, we found no significantly impacted real-world contracts.\n\nThe fix is tracked in https://github.com/vyperlang/vyper/pull/4451.\n\n### Details\n\n\n#### The relevant precompiles\n\n##### EcRecover\n\nEcRecover is used in vyper\u0027s `ecrecover` built-in. As the precompile consumes 3000 gas, any execution after an out-of-gas EcRecover call has at most 47 gas left.\n\n##### Identity\n\n- The Identity precompile is used in vyper to perform memory copy operations. As its cost is variable, a variable amount of gas might be left after a failed call. The bigger the copy operation, the more gas can be left. Hence, a failed call to Identity could theoretically be followed by successful storage changes or emitted events.\n- Identity is no longer used when `evm-version` `cancun` is used (because `MCOPY` is used instead). In 0.4.0 `cancun` is default, in 0.3.10 `cancun` is an option, otherwise `cancun` is not available. As only pre-`cancun` versions are relevant, we don\u0027t have to consider transient storage operations succeeding a failed call to Identity.\n\n#### The other precompiles\n\n- Calls to `Sha2`, `ecAdd`, and `ecMul` have success checks and have had them for a long time.\n- The precompiles `modexp`, `ripe`, `blake`, `ecPairing`, and `Point Evaluation` have no builtins in vyper.\n\n\n### PoC\n\nIn the following we provide concrete examples of incorrectly generated bytecode. These examples are not optimized, but rather Proof-of-Concepts. The list is also not exhaustive.\n\n#### `ecrecover` use\n\n- Affected versions: 0.2.0 - 0.4.0 \n- For older compiler versions (\u003c=0.3.9) it behaves similarly to this [older advisory](https://github.com/vyperlang/vyper/security/advisories/GHSA-f5x6-7qgp-jhf3). As no data is returned, the previous value of the memory word is returned to the user. Hence, any dirty bytes might be returned. Contracts with older compiler versions and `ecrecover` were checked.\n- For new vyper versions, the output buffer is zeroed, so when the call fails zero is returned. This is an incorrect result, but developers should anyway check for 0 as a failure case. Hence, this is unlikely to result in issues. However, we did search for such cases.\n- As mentioned above at most 47 gas is left after the failed call, hence a `return` is the most realistic scenario to be attacked.\n\nVulnerable Code:\n```py\n@external\n@view\ndef foo(hash: bytes32, v: uint256, r:uint256, s:uint256) -\u003e address:\n return ecrecover(hash, v, r, s)\n```\n\nProblematic Call:\n```py\nprint(\n c.foo(\n binascii.unhexlify(\n \"6c9c5e133b8aafb2ea74f524a5263495e7ae5701c7248805f7b511d973dc7055\"\n ),\n 28,\n 78616903610408968922803823221221116251138855211764625814919875002740131251724,\n 37668412420813231458864536126575229553064045345107737433087067088194345044408,\n )\n) # Returns 0x9eE53ad38Bb67d745223a4257D7d48cE973FeB7A\n\nprint(\n c.foo(\n binascii.unhexlify(\n \"6c9c5e133b8aafb2ea74f524a5263495e7ae5701c7248805f7b511d973dc7055\"\n ),\n 28,\n 78616903610408968922803823221221116251138855211764625814919875002740131251724,\n 37668412420813231458864536126575229553064045345107737433087067088194345044408,\n gas=3000,\n )\n) # Returns 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n```\n\n#### Identity to copy Dynamic Arrays\n\n- Affected versions: 0.3.2 - 0.3.9\n- Dynamic Arrays might be copied on different occasions\n- That copy operation can fail leading to incorrect accesses afterwards\n\nVulnerable Code:\n```py\n\n@external\ndef foo() -\u003e uint256:\n a: DynArray[uint256, 4000] = [2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 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0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]\n b: DynArray[uint256, 4000] = a\n return b[0]\n```\n\nProblematic Call:\n```py\nprint(c.foo()) # Prints 2\nprint(c.foo(gas=170000)) # Prints 0\n```\n\n#### Identity in ABI Encoding of Returndata\n\n- Affected versions: 0.3.2 - 0.4.0\n- Complex types such as Dynamic array with Strings inside need to be abi encoded before being returned\n- In that `return` there is a memory copy which can fail\n\nVulnerable Code:\n```py\n@external\n@view\ndef foo(x: String[1000000], y: String[1000000]) -\u003e DynArray[String[1000000], 2]:\n z: DynArray[String[1000000], 2] = [x, y]\n # Some code\n return z\n```\n\nProblematic Call:\n```py\ncalldata0 = \"a\"*10\ncalldata1 = \"b\"*1000000\nc.foo(calldata0, calldata1) # Returns correct data\nc.foo(calldata0, calldata1, gas=48_400_000) # Returns incorrect data (only first part)\n```\n\n#### Assertion based on data copied through Identity\n\n- Affected versions: 0.2.0 - 0.4.0\n- An incomplete copy operation might falsify the result of a subsequent `assert`\n\n\nVulnerable Code:\n```py\n@internal\ndef bar() -\u003e uint256[3000]:\n a: uint256[3000] = [2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 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0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]\n return a\n\n@external\ndef foo():\n s: uint256[3000] = self.bar()\n assert(s[0] == 0)\n```\n\nProblematic Call:\n```py\ntry:\n c.foo() # Correctly reverts\nexcept Exception as e:\n print(\"Correctly reverted\")\ntry:\n c.foo(gas=210000) # Incorrectly succeeds\n print(\"Incorrectly succeeded\")\nexcept Exception:\n pass\n```\n\n#### Identity used in `raw_revert`\n\n- Affected versions: 0.3.8 - 0.4.0\n- A copy operation might appear as part of raw_revert\n- As a result the revert reason might be incorrect\n\nVulnerable Code:\n```py\n@external\ndef foo(_data: Bytes[10000]):\n b: Bytes[10000] = _data\n raw_revert(b)\n```\n\nProblematic Call:\n```py\ncalldata = binascii.unhexlify(\"bb\" * 10_000)\nc.foo(calldata) # Has correct revert reason\nc.foo(calldata, gas=4_800) # Has empty revert reason, but not out-of-gas\n```\n\n\n#### Identity to copy static arrays\n\n- Affected versions: 0.2.0 - 0.4.0\n- Vyper might perform a memory copy for static arrays, e.g. when moving them in and out of internal functions\n- As this access is especially cheap (due to the static checks) it can also happen for smaller sizes\n\nVulnerable Code:\n```py\n@external\ndef foo(x: uint256[2500]) -\u003e uint256:\n s: uint256[2500] = x\n t: uint256[2500] = s\n return t[0]\n```\n\nProblematic Call:\n```py\ncalldata = [2] + [0] * 2499\nprint(c.foo(calldata)) # Prints 2\nprint(c.foo(calldata, gas=74500)) # Prints 0\n```\n\n\n#### Identity to copy and return String or Bytes\n\n- Affected versions: 0.20 - 0.4.0\n- Multiple situations in vyper might trigger a memory copy operation, e.g. moving data in and out of internal functions\n- If the target buffer is later returned, incorrect data might be returned\n\nVulnerable Code:\n```py\n@external\n@view\ndef foo(x: String[1000000]) -\u003e String[1000000]:\n return x\n```\n\nProblematic Call:\n```py\ncalldata = \"a\"*1000000\nx = c.foo(calldata) # Returns calldata\ny = c.foo(calldata, gas=8_000_000) # Returns empty data\n```\n\n\n#### Identity and accessing the length of the target data\n\n- Affected versions: 0.3.10 - 0.4.0\n- Accessing the data is fairly cheap, making it possible for smaller data copies\n\nVulnerable Code:\n```py\n@external\n@view\ndef foo(x: String[1000000]) -\u003e uint256:\n y: String[1000000] = x\n return len(y)\n```\n\nProblematic Call:\n```py\ncalldata = \"a\"*1000000\nx = c.foo(calldata) # Returns correct length\ny = c.foo(calldata, gas=7_929_200) # Returns incorrect length\n```\n\n#### Identity to copy and return String or Bytes\n\n- Affected versions: 0.3.10 - 0.4.0\n- Multiple situations in vyper might trigger a memory copy operation, e.g. moving data in and out of internal functions\n- If the target buffer is later returned, incorrect data might be returned\n\nVulnerable Code:\n```py\n@external\n@view\ndef foo(x: String[1000000]) -\u003e String[1000000]:\n return x\n```\n\nProblematic Call:\n```py\ncalldata = \"a\"*1000000\nx = c.foo(calldata) # Returns calldata\ny = c.foo(calldata, gas=8_000_000) # Returns empty data\n```\n\n### Impact\n\nA contract search was conducted and yielded no significant results.\n\nThe advisory was rated a medium because the likelihood is low, but difficult to detect by source code analysis alone, and could yield unexpected results if a contract is affected by the bug.",
"id": "GHSA-vgf2-gvx8-xwc3",
"modified": "2025-04-24T14:39:58Z",
"published": "2025-01-14T16:34:20Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/vyperlang/vyper/security/advisories/GHSA-vgf2-gvx8-xwc3"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-21607"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/vyperlang/vyper/pull/4451"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/vyperlang/vyper/commit/7136eab0a254aa2ff7ddca41cc05f2ee1fa99caf"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/vyper/PYSEC-2025-33.yaml"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/vyperlang/vyper"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Vyper Does Not Check the Success of Certain Precompile Calls"
}
GHSA-VJFX-X9XG-H5H6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:47 – Updated: 2023-06-26 21:30
VLAI
Details
Improper handling of exceptional conditions in Bixby prior to version 3.0.53.02 allows attacker to execute the actions registered by the user.
Severity
7.3 (High)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-25380"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-703",
"CWE-755"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-04-09T18:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Improper handling of exceptional conditions in Bixby prior to version 3.0.53.02 allows attacker to execute the actions registered by the user.",
"id": "GHSA-vjfx-x9xg-h5h6",
"modified": "2023-06-26T21:30:51Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:47:00Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-25380"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.samsungmobile.com"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.samsungmobile.com/serviceWeb.smsb"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-VMGJ-7WPP-X799
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-04 21:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 21:30
VLAI
Details
A heap overflow vulnerability in IPSec component of Ivanti Connect Secure (9.x 22.x) and Ivanti Policy Secure allows an unauthenticated malicious user to send specially crafted requests in-order-to crash the service thereby causing a DoS attack or in certain conditions read contents from memory.
Severity
8.2 (High)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-22053"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-703",
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-04-04T20:15:08Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A heap overflow vulnerability in IPSec component of Ivanti Connect Secure (9.x\n 22.x) and Ivanti Policy Secure allows an unauthenticated malicious user to send specially crafted requests in-order-to crash the service thereby causing a DoS attack or in certain conditions read contents from memory. ",
"id": "GHSA-vmgj-7wpp-x799",
"modified": "2024-04-04T21:30:31Z",
"published": "2024-04-04T21:30:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-22053"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://forums.ivanti.com/s/article/New-CVE-2024-21894-Heap-Overflow-CVE-2024-22052-Null-Pointer-Dereference-CVE-2024-22053-Heap-Overflow-and-CVE-2024-22023-XML-entity-expansion-or-XXE-for-Ivanti-Connect-Secure-and-Ivanti-Policy-Secure-Gateways?language=en_US"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-W254-4HP5-7CVV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-30 19:22 – Updated: 2026-03-30 19:22
VLAI
Summary
Fleet vulnerable to Denial of Service via unhandled gRPC log type in launcher endpoint
Details
Summary
A Denial of Service vulnerability in Fleet's gRPC Launcher endpoint allows an authenticated host to crash the entire Fleet server process by sending an unexpected log type value. The server terminates immediately, disrupting all connected hosts, MDM enrollments, and API consumers.
Impact
An attacker with access to a valid Launcher node key can send a specially crafted gRPC request to the Fleet server that triggers an unrecoverable server crash. The gRPC server lacks appropriate error recovery handling, meaning the entire Fleet process terminates rather than gracefully rejecting the malformed input.
Because the crash is instant and repeatable, an attacker could script repeated requests to prevent the server from recovering, resulting in a persistent denial of service until a patched version is deployed.
Workarounds
There is no workaround for this issue other than upgrading to a patched version.
For more information
If there are any questions or comments about this advisory:
Send an email to security@fleetdm.com
Join #fleet in osquery Slack
Credits
Fleet thanks @fuzzztf for responsibly reporting this issue.
Severity
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/fleetdm/fleet/v4"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "4.81.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-34388"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-703"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-30T19:22:39Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-27T20:16:35Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Summary\n\nA Denial of Service vulnerability in Fleet\u0027s gRPC Launcher endpoint allows an authenticated host to crash the entire Fleet server process by sending an unexpected log type value. The server terminates immediately, disrupting all connected hosts, MDM enrollments, and API consumers.\n\n### Impact\n\nAn attacker with access to a valid Launcher node key can send a specially crafted gRPC request to the Fleet server that triggers an unrecoverable server crash. The gRPC server lacks appropriate error recovery handling, meaning the entire Fleet process terminates rather than gracefully rejecting the malformed input.\n\nBecause the crash is instant and repeatable, an attacker could script repeated requests to prevent the server from recovering, resulting in a persistent denial of service until a patched version is deployed.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nThere is no workaround for this issue other than upgrading to a patched version.\n\n### For more information\n\nIf there are any questions or comments about this advisory:\n\nSend an email to [security@fleetdm.com](mailto:security@fleetdm.com)\n\nJoin #fleet in [osquery Slack](https://join.slack.com/t/osquery/shared_invite/zt-h29zm0gk-s2DBtGUTW4CFel0f0IjTEw)\n\n### Credits\n\nFleet thanks @fuzzztf for responsibly reporting this issue.",
"id": "GHSA-w254-4hp5-7cvv",
"modified": "2026-03-30T19:22:39Z",
"published": "2026-03-30T19:22:39Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/fleetdm/fleet/security/advisories/GHSA-w254-4hp5-7cvv"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-34388"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/fleetdm/fleet"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:U",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Fleet vulnerable to Denial of Service via unhandled gRPC log type in launcher endpoint"
}
GHSA-W8GR-QR68-9PM5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-04-22 03:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 03:38
VLAI
Details
NVIDIA ConnectX-5, ConnectX-6, and ConnectX6-DX contain a vulnerability in the NIC firmware, where an unprivileged user can cause improper handling of exceptional conditions, which may lead to denial of service.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-0204"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-703",
"CWE-755"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-04-22T03:15:09Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "NVIDIA ConnectX-5, ConnectX-6, and ConnectX6-DX contain a vulnerability in the NIC firmware, where an unprivileged user can cause improper handling of exceptional conditions, which may lead to denial of service.",
"id": "GHSA-w8gr-qr68-9pm5",
"modified": "2024-04-04T03:38:31Z",
"published": "2023-04-22T03:30:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-0204"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://nvidia.custhelp.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/5459"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-WXR3-2HGV-QM8F
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-07-10 06:33 – Updated: 2024-07-10 21:29
VLAI
Summary
node-twain vulnerable to Improper Check or Handling of Exceptional Conditions
Details
All versions of the package node-twain are vulnerable to Improper Check or Handling of Exceptional Conditions due to the length of the source data not being checked. Creating a new twain.TwainSDK with a productName or productFamily, manufacturer, version.info property of length >= 34 chars leads to a buffer overflow vulnerability.
Severity
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "node-twain"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "0.0.16"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-21525"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-703"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-07-10T21:29:30Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-07-10T05:15:11Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "All versions of the package node-twain are vulnerable to Improper Check or Handling of Exceptional Conditions due to the length of the source data not being checked. Creating a new twain.TwainSDK with a productName or productFamily, manufacturer, version.info property of length \u003e= 34 chars leads to a buffer overflow vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-wxr3-2hgv-qm8f",
"modified": "2024-07-10T21:29:30Z",
"published": "2024-07-10T06:33:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-21525"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gist.github.com/dellalibera/55b87634a6c360e5be22a715f0566c99"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/Luomusha/node-twain"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-JS-NODETWAIN-6421153"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "node-twain vulnerable to Improper Check or Handling of Exceptional Conditions"
}
GHSA-X2JX-W3WM-9P3P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-12-05 06:30 – Updated: 2022-12-05 23:29
VLAI
Summary
nadesiko3 allows remote attacker to inject invalid value to decodeURIComponent of nako3edit
Details
Nako3edit is the editor component of Nadeshiko 3, a programming language developed based on Japanese. Improper check or handling of exceptional conditions in Nako3edit v3.3.74 and earlier allows a remote attacker to inject an invalid value to decodeURIComponent of nako3edit, which may lead the server to crash.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "nadesiko3"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.3.75"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-41777"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-703",
"CWE-755"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-12-05T23:29:35Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2022-12-05T04:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Nako3edit is the editor component of Nadeshiko 3, a programming language developed based on Japanese. Improper check or handling of exceptional conditions in Nako3edit v3.3.74 and earlier allows a remote attacker to inject an invalid value to decodeURIComponent of nako3edit, which may lead the server to crash.",
"id": "GHSA-x2jx-w3wm-9p3p",
"modified": "2022-12-05T23:29:35Z",
"published": "2022-12-05T06:30:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-41777"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/kujirahand/nadesiko3/issues/1325"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/kujirahand/nadesiko3/issues/1347"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/kujirahand/nadesiko3"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/kujirahand/nadesiko3/releases/tag/3.3.75"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jvn.jp/en/jp/JVN56968681/index.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "nadesiko3 allows remote attacker to inject invalid value to decodeURIComponent of nako3edit"
}
GHSA-X64V-PQ34-G3CQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-07-21 09:30 – Updated: 2024-08-30 21:31
VLAI
Details
Unitronics Vision PLC – CWE-703: Improper Check or Handling of Exceptional Conditions may allow denial of service
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-38435"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-703"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-07-21T08:15:05Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Unitronics Vision PLC \u2013\u00a0CWE-703: Improper Check or Handling of Exceptional Conditions may allow denial of service",
"id": "GHSA-x64v-pq34-g3cq",
"modified": "2024-08-30T21:31:40Z",
"published": "2024-07-21T09:30:32Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-38435"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.gov.il/en/Departments/faq/cve_advisories"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-X6CR-MQ53-CC76
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-10 14:33 – Updated: 2026-02-10 19:56
VLAI
Summary
Emmett-Core: Unhandled CookieError Exception Causing Denial of Service
Details
Summary
The cookies property in emmett_core.http.wrappers.Request does not handle
CookieError exceptions when parsing malformed Cookie headers. This allows
unauthenticated attackers to trigger HTTP 500 errors and cause denial of service.
Details
Location: emmett_core/http/wrappers/__init__.py (line 64)
Vulnerable Code:
@cachedprop
def cookies(self) -> SimpleCookie:
cookies: SimpleCookie = SimpleCookie()
for cookie in self.headers.get("cookie", "").split(";"):
cookies.load(cookie) # No exception handling
return cookies
PoC
Sending cookies containing special characters such as /(){} will result in insufficient error handling and a server error.
$ curl -w "\nTime: %{time_total}s\n" http://localhost:8000/ -H "Cookie:/security=test"
Internal error
Time: 0.024363s
After the same error occurs several times, the server cannot process it normally.
$ curl -w "\nTime: %{time_total}s\n" http://localhost:8000/ -H "Cookie:(security=test"
Internal error
Time: 60.069334s
$ curl -w "\nTime: %{time_total}s\n" http://localhost:8000/ -H "Cookie:security=test"
Internal error
Time: 60.074031s
This is server log.
[2026-02-03 08:23:40,541] ERROR in handlers: Application exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/home/geonwoo/.local/lib/python3.13/site-packages/emmett/rsgi/handlers.py", line 70, in dynamic_handler
http = await self.router.dispatch(request, response)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/home/geonwoo/.local/lib/python3.13/site-packages/emmett_core/routing/router.py", line 240, in dispatch
return await match.dispatch(reqargs, response)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/home/geonwoo/.local/lib/python3.13/site-packages/emmett_core/routing/dispatchers.py", line 57, in dispatch
await self._parallel_flow(self.flow_open)
File "/home/geonwoo/.local/lib/python3.13/site-packages/emmett_core/routing/dispatchers.py", line 17, in _parallel_flow
raise task.exception()
File "/home/geonwoo/.local/lib/python3.13/site-packages/emmett_core/sessions.py", line 102, in open_request
if self.cookie_name in self.current.request.cookies:
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/home/geonwoo/.local/lib/python3.13/site-packages/emmett_core/utils.py", line 37, in __get__
obj.__dict__[self.__name__] = rv = self.fget(obj)
~~~~~~~~~^^^^^
File "/home/geonwoo/.local/lib/python3.13/site-packages/emmett_core/http/wrappers/__init__.py", line 64, in cookies
cookies.load(cookie)
~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/lib/python3.13/http/cookies.py", line 516, in load
self.__parse_string(rawdata)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/lib/python3.13/http/cookies.py", line 580, in __parse_string
self.__set(key, rval, cval)
~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/lib/python3.13/http/cookies.py", line 472, in __set
M.set(key, real_value, coded_value)
~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/lib/python3.13/http/cookies.py", line 335, in set
raise CookieError('Illegal key %r' % (key,))
http.cookies.CookieError: Illegal key '/security'
Impact
This vulnerability allows unauthenticated attackers to cause denial of service and performance degradation by sending malformed Cookie headers. After this vulnerability occurs, we expect it to be difficult to use the normal service.
patch
/emmett_core/http/wrappers/__init__.py
- from http.cookies import SimpleCookie
+ from http.cookies import SimpleCookie, CookieError # add CookieError
...
...
@cachedprop
def cookies(self) -> SimpleCookie:
cookies: SimpleCookie = SimpleCookie()
for cookie in self.headers.get("cookie", "").split(";"):
- cookies.load(cookie)
+ try:
+ cookies.load(cookie)
+ except CookieError:
+ continue
return cookies
Severity
7.5 (High)
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 1.3.10"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "emmett-core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.3.11"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-25577"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-248",
"CWE-703"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-02-10T14:33:15Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-10T18:16:37Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Summary\nThe `cookies` property in `emmett_core.http.wrappers.Request` does not handle \n`CookieError` exceptions when parsing malformed Cookie headers. This allows \nunauthenticated attackers to trigger HTTP 500 errors and cause denial of service.\n\n\n### Details\n\n**Location:** `emmett_core/http/wrappers/__init__.py` (line 64)\n\n**Vulnerable Code:**\n```python\n@cachedprop\ndef cookies(self) -\u003e SimpleCookie:\n cookies: SimpleCookie = SimpleCookie()\n for cookie in self.headers.get(\"cookie\", \"\").split(\";\"):\n cookies.load(cookie) # No exception handling\n return cookies\n```\n\n### PoC\nSending cookies containing special characters such as /(){} will result in insufficient error handling and a server error.\n```bash\n$ curl -w \"\\nTime: %{time_total}s\\n\" http://localhost:8000/ -H \"Cookie:/security=test\"\nInternal error\nTime: 0.024363s\n```\nAfter the same error occurs several times, the server cannot process it normally.\n```bash\n$ curl -w \"\\nTime: %{time_total}s\\n\" http://localhost:8000/ -H \"Cookie:(security=test\"\nInternal error\nTime: 60.069334s\n\n$ curl -w \"\\nTime: %{time_total}s\\n\" http://localhost:8000/ -H \"Cookie:security=test\"\nInternal error\nTime: 60.074031s\n```\n\nThis is server log.\n```bash\n[2026-02-03 08:23:40,541] ERROR in handlers: Application exception:\nTraceback (most recent call last):\n File \"/home/geonwoo/.local/lib/python3.13/site-packages/emmett/rsgi/handlers.py\", line 70, in dynamic_handler\n http = await self.router.dispatch(request, response)\n ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^\n File \"/home/geonwoo/.local/lib/python3.13/site-packages/emmett_core/routing/router.py\", line 240, in dispatch\n return await match.dispatch(reqargs, response)\n ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^\n File \"/home/geonwoo/.local/lib/python3.13/site-packages/emmett_core/routing/dispatchers.py\", line 57, in dispatch\n await self._parallel_flow(self.flow_open)\n File \"/home/geonwoo/.local/lib/python3.13/site-packages/emmett_core/routing/dispatchers.py\", line 17, in _parallel_flow\n raise task.exception()\n File \"/home/geonwoo/.local/lib/python3.13/site-packages/emmett_core/sessions.py\", line 102, in open_request\n if self.cookie_name in self.current.request.cookies:\n ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^\n File \"/home/geonwoo/.local/lib/python3.13/site-packages/emmett_core/utils.py\", line 37, in __get__\n obj.__dict__[self.__name__] = rv = self.fget(obj)\n ~~~~~~~~~^^^^^\n File \"/home/geonwoo/.local/lib/python3.13/site-packages/emmett_core/http/wrappers/__init__.py\", line 64, in cookies\n cookies.load(cookie)\n ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^\n File \"/usr/lib/python3.13/http/cookies.py\", line 516, in load\n self.__parse_string(rawdata)\n ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^\n File \"/usr/lib/python3.13/http/cookies.py\", line 580, in __parse_string\n self.__set(key, rval, cval)\n ~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^\n File \"/usr/lib/python3.13/http/cookies.py\", line 472, in __set\n M.set(key, real_value, coded_value)\n ~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^\n File \"/usr/lib/python3.13/http/cookies.py\", line 335, in set\n raise CookieError(\u0027Illegal key %r\u0027 % (key,))\nhttp.cookies.CookieError: Illegal key \u0027/security\u0027\n```\n\n### Impact\nThis vulnerability allows unauthenticated attackers to cause denial of service \nand performance degradation by sending malformed Cookie headers. \nAfter this vulnerability occurs, we expect it to be difficult to use the normal service.\n\n\n\n### patch \n`/emmett_core/http/wrappers/__init__.py`\n```python\n- from http.cookies import SimpleCookie \n+ from http.cookies import SimpleCookie, CookieError # add CookieError\n...\n...\n @cachedprop\n def cookies(self) -\u003e SimpleCookie:\n cookies: SimpleCookie = SimpleCookie()\n for cookie in self.headers.get(\"cookie\", \"\").split(\";\"):\n- cookies.load(cookie)\n+ try:\n+ cookies.load(cookie)\n+ except CookieError:\n+ continue\n return cookies\n```",
"id": "GHSA-x6cr-mq53-cc76",
"modified": "2026-02-10T19:56:59Z",
"published": "2026-02-10T14:33:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/emmett-framework/core/security/advisories/GHSA-x6cr-mq53-cc76"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-25577"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/emmett-framework/core/commit/9557ea23a27cbadf7774d8bca6bbe4b54fa8a3ec"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/emmett-framework/core/commit/c126757133e118119a280b58f3bb345b1c9a8a2a"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/emmett-framework/core"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Emmett-Core: Unhandled CookieError Exception Causing Denial of Service"
}
GHSA-XMHM-HHWR-F9FP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-15 18:31 – Updated: 2026-07-15 18:31
VLAI
Details
As part of Cisco's ongoing commitment to proactive security and product quality, the Cisco RoomOS engineering team has conducted a comprehensive internal security review. This review resulted in a software hardening release that addresses multiple internally discovered vulnerabilities.
The vulnerabilities tracked by CVE-2026-20187 are related to improper handling of exceptional conditions that are grouped under the Common Weakness Enumeration (CWE) Pillar CWE-703.
Severity
7.5 (High)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-20187"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-703"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-07-15T17:16:47Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "As part of Cisco\u0027s ongoing commitment to proactive security and product quality, the Cisco RoomOS engineering team has conducted a comprehensive internal security review. This review resulted in a software hardening release that addresses multiple internally discovered vulnerabilities.\n\nThe vulnerabilities tracked by CVE-2026-20187 are related to improper handling of exceptional conditions that are grouped under the Common Weakness Enumeration (CWE) Pillar CWE-703.",
"id": "GHSA-xmhm-hhwr-f9fp",
"modified": "2026-07-15T18:31:57Z",
"published": "2026-07-15T18:31:57Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-20187"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://sec.cloudapps.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-hardening-roomos-AqNMbEq"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
No mitigation information available for this CWE.
No CAPEC attack patterns related to this CWE.