CWE-693
DiscouragedProtection Mechanism Failure
Abstraction: Pillar · Status: Draft
The product does not use or incorrectly uses a protection mechanism that provides sufficient defense against directed attacks against the product.
1140 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-4MX5-J7XW-V5RC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-22 21:32 – Updated: 2026-07-24 21:32An issue in Franco Corbelli ZPAQFRANZ v.61.3 and before allows a remote attacker to escalate privileges and execute arbitrary code via a bypass of the Mark-of-the-Web protection mechanism
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-50327"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-693"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-07-22T21:17:11Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An issue in Franco Corbelli ZPAQFRANZ v.61.3 and before allows a remote attacker to escalate privileges and execute arbitrary code via a bypass of the Mark-of-the-Web protection mechanism",
"id": "GHSA-4mx5-j7xw-v5rc",
"modified": "2026-07-24T21:32:21Z",
"published": "2026-07-22T21:32:08Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-50327"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/OV-0-VO/Public-references/blob/main/CVE-2025-50327.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/fcorbelli/zpaqfranz/releases"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-4QW6-7G5M-4MVH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-31 09:30 – Updated: 2025-10-31 09:30The OOPSpam Anti-Spam: Spam Protection for WordPress Forms & Comments (No CAPTCHA) plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to IP Header Spoofing in all versions up to, and including, 1.2.53. This is due to the plugin trusting client-controlled forwarded headers (such as CF-Connecting-IP, X-Forwarded-For, and others) without verifying that those headers originate from legitimate, trusted proxies. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to spoof their IP address and bypass IP-based security controls, including blocked IP lists and rate limiting protections, by sending arbitrary HTTP headers with their requests.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-12094"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-693"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-10-31T09:15:46Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The OOPSpam Anti-Spam: Spam Protection for WordPress Forms \u0026 Comments (No CAPTCHA) plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to IP Header Spoofing in all versions up to, and including, 1.2.53. This is due to the plugin trusting client-controlled forwarded headers (such as CF-Connecting-IP, X-Forwarded-For, and others) without verifying that those headers originate from legitimate, trusted proxies. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to spoof their IP address and bypass IP-based security controls, including blocked IP lists and rate limiting protections, by sending arbitrary HTTP headers with their requests.",
"id": "GHSA-4qw6-7g5m-4mvh",
"modified": "2025-10-31T09:30:26Z",
"published": "2025-10-31T09:30:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-12094"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/oopspam-anti-spam/tags/1.2.49/include/helpers.php#L268"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3386104/oopspam-anti-spam/trunk/include/helpers.php"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/b5137bc2-912b-4e25-966e-515e8d9fc21c?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-4QW6-CCW7-QPWP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-02 21:31 – Updated: 2026-03-06 06:30In multiple functions of KeyguardViewMediator.java, there is a possible lockscreen bypass due to a logic error in the code. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-48605"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-693"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-02T19:16:26Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In multiple functions of KeyguardViewMediator.java, there is a possible lockscreen bypass due to a logic error in the code. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.",
"id": "GHSA-4qw6-ccw7-qpwp",
"modified": "2026-03-06T06:30:29Z",
"published": "2026-03-02T21:31:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-48605"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.android.com/docs/security/bulletin/2026/2026-03-01"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/2026-03-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-4QXH-75JF-785R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-10 18:32 – Updated: 2025-06-10 18:32Protection mechanism failure in Windows DHCP Server allows an unauthorized attacker to deny service over a network.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-32725"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-693"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-06-10T17:22:10Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Protection mechanism failure in Windows DHCP Server allows an unauthorized attacker to deny service over a network.",
"id": "GHSA-4qxh-75jf-785r",
"modified": "2025-06-10T18:32:28Z",
"published": "2025-06-10T18:32:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-32725"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2025-32725"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-4VRW-8FX2-PJ82
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-19 21:30 – Updated: 2026-08-27 06:31A flaw was found in search-indexer. This vulnerability allows a registered and authenticated managed cluster to tamper with or delete another cluster's indexed search data. This is possible because the delta-sync write paths in search-indexer do not properly restrict UPDATE/DELETE operations to data owned by the calling cluster. An attacker could exploit this by crafting specific user identifiers (UIDs) with a different cluster's prefix.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-76827"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-693"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-08-19T21:17:39Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A flaw was found in search-indexer. This vulnerability allows a registered and authenticated managed cluster to tamper with or delete another cluster\u0027s indexed search data. This is possible because the delta-sync write paths in search-indexer do not properly restrict UPDATE/DELETE operations to data owned by the calling cluster. An attacker could exploit this by crafting specific user identifiers (UIDs) with a different cluster\u0027s prefix.",
"id": "GHSA-4vrw-8fx2-pj82",
"modified": "2026-08-27T06:31:23Z",
"published": "2026-08-19T21:30:38Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-76827"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60386"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60387"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60388"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60389"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60390"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60391"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-76827"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2519896"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-4WRG-8WPC-H923
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-22 06:30 – Updated: 2026-04-29 20:49Vulnerability in Spring Spring Security. If an application is using securityMatchers(String) and a PathPatternRequestMatcher.Builder bean to prepend a servlet path, matching requests to that filter chain may fail and its related security components will not be exercised as intended by the application. This can lead to the authentication, authorization, and other security controls being rendered inactive on intended requests. This issue affects Spring Security: from 7.0.0 through 7.0.4.
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 7.0.4"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.springframework.security:spring-security-config"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "7.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "7.0.5"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-22753"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-693"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-04-29T20:49:32Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-22T06:16:04Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Vulnerability in Spring Spring Security. If an application is using\u00a0securityMatchers(String)\u00a0and a\u00a0PathPatternRequestMatcher.Builder\u00a0bean to prepend a servlet path, matching requests to that filter chain may fail and its related security components will not be exercised as intended by the application. This can lead to the authentication, authorization, and other security controls being rendered inactive on intended requests. This issue affects Spring Security: from 7.0.0 through 7.0.4.",
"id": "GHSA-4wrg-8wpc-h923",
"modified": "2026-04-29T20:49:32Z",
"published": "2026-04-22T06:30:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-22753"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/spring-projects/spring-security"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://spring.io/security/cve-2026-22753"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Spring Security Doesn\u0027t Correctly Include Servlet Path in Path Matching of HttpSecurity#securityMatchers"
}
GHSA-4XF4-X6W8-3GWG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-11-21 00:00 – Updated: 2022-10-27 19:00Dell Networking OS10, versions 10.4.3.x, 10.5.0.x, 10.5.1.x & 10.5.2.x, contain an uncontrolled resource consumption flaw in its API service. A high-privileged API user may potentially exploit this vulnerability, leading to a denial of service.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-36310"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-400",
"CWE-693"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-11-20T02:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Dell Networking OS10, versions 10.4.3.x, 10.5.0.x, 10.5.1.x \u0026 10.5.2.x, contain an uncontrolled resource consumption flaw in its API service. A high-privileged API user may potentially exploit this vulnerability, leading to a denial of service.",
"id": "GHSA-4xf4-x6w8-3gwg",
"modified": "2022-10-27T19:00:29Z",
"published": "2021-11-21T00:00:39Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-36310"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.dell.com/support/kbdoc/en-us/000193076"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-522C-WX8C-28P2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:35 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:35A vulnerability in the detection engine of Cisco Firepower System Software could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to bypass a configured file action policy that is intended to drop the Server Message Block Version 2 (SMB2) and SMB Version 3 (SMB3) protocols if malware is detected. The vulnerability is due to incorrect detection of an SMB2 or SMB3 file based on the total file length. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending a crafted SMB2 or SMB3 transfer request through the targeted device. An exploit could allow the attacker to pass SMB2 or SMB3 files that could be malware even though the device is configured to block them. This vulnerability does not exist for SMB Version 1 (SMB1) files. This vulnerability affects Cisco Firepower System Software when one or more file action policies are configured, on software releases prior to 6.2.3. Cisco Bug IDs: CSCvg68807.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-0243"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-693"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-04-19T20:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in the detection engine of Cisco Firepower System Software could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to bypass a configured file action policy that is intended to drop the Server Message Block Version 2 (SMB2) and SMB Version 3 (SMB3) protocols if malware is detected. The vulnerability is due to incorrect detection of an SMB2 or SMB3 file based on the total file length. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending a crafted SMB2 or SMB3 transfer request through the targeted device. An exploit could allow the attacker to pass SMB2 or SMB3 files that could be malware even though the device is configured to block them. This vulnerability does not exist for SMB Version 1 (SMB1) files. This vulnerability affects Cisco Firepower System Software when one or more file action policies are configured, on software releases prior to 6.2.3. Cisco Bug IDs: CSCvg68807.",
"id": "GHSA-522c-wx8c-28p2",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:35:31Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:35:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-0243"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20180418-fss"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/103943"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-529H-VH3J-85HQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-01 18:55 – Updated: 2026-07-01 18:55Description
The per-template filter, tag and function allow-list check is compiled into the checkSecurity() method of each Template subclass and was invoked once from the constructor, gated by SandboxExtension::isSandboxed($source). Template instances are then cached on the Environment in $loadedTemplates, so the verdict computed at construction time was sticky for the rest of the process.
Any later change of sandbox state on the same Environment left that cached verdict in place: toggling SandboxExtension::enableSandbox()/disableSandbox(), swapping the policy via setSecurityPolicy(), a SourcePolicyInterface decision flip, or simply having a parent, macro or included template pre-instantiated outside the sandbox before a sandboxed render reached it. In all of these cases, the filters, tags and functions used by the affected template kept running with the original (typically empty) check, bypassing the SecurityPolicy allow-list.
Method, property and __toString allow-lists are not affected: they are enforced at every call site at runtime through SandboxExtension::checkMethodAllowed(), checkPropertyAllowed() and ensureToStringAllowed(), which re-read the current state on every call.
Long-lived workers (FrankenPHP, RoadRunner, Symfony Messenger consumers, FPM with hot autoloading) that share a single Environment between sandboxed and non-sandboxed renders are the most exposed: a single non-sandboxed render of a shared layout pre-warms its Template instance, after which any later sandboxed render that extends, uses, includes or imports from that layout silently skips the filter/tag/function allow-list for the pre-warmed instance.
Resolution
The allow-list check is no longer run from the constructor. Template gains a public ensureSecurityChecked() method that calls the compiled checkSecurity() only when SandboxExtension::isSandboxed($source) returns true for the current source, and it is invoked at every entry point that can reach a Template instance whose security has not yet been verified against the current state: Template::yield(), Template::yieldBlock() (on the resolved block template, which covers extends, use, traits and parent blocks), Template::getParent() (which evaluates user code when the parent name is dynamic) and Template::getTemplateForMacro() (on the resolved macro template).
The explicit checkSecurity() calls previously emitted by IncludeNode and CoreExtension::include() are removed: the included template's own yield() now re-runs the check against the current sandbox state. The compiled checkSecurity() body is a cheap walk over compile-time-static arrays, so the per-render cost is negligible. Old cached compiled PHP files keep working unchanged: the constructor-time call they still contain is idempotent.
Credits
Twig would like to thank Fabien Potencier for reporting and fixing the issue.
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 3.26.0"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "twig/twig"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.27.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-49981"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-693",
"CWE-863"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-07-01T18:55:49Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Description\n\nThe per-template filter, tag and function allow-list check is compiled into the `checkSecurity()` method of each `Template` subclass and was invoked once from the constructor, gated by `SandboxExtension::isSandboxed($source)`. `Template` instances are then cached on the `Environment` in `$loadedTemplates`, so the verdict computed at construction time was sticky for the rest of the process.\n\nAny later change of sandbox state on the same `Environment` left that cached verdict in place: toggling `SandboxExtension::enableSandbox()`/`disableSandbox()`, swapping the policy via `setSecurityPolicy()`, a `SourcePolicyInterface` decision flip, or simply having a parent, macro or included template pre-instantiated outside the sandbox before a sandboxed render reached it. In all of these cases, the filters, tags and functions used by the affected template kept running with the original (typically empty) check, bypassing the `SecurityPolicy` allow-list.\n\nMethod, property and `__toString` allow-lists are not affected: they are enforced at every call site at runtime through `SandboxExtension::checkMethodAllowed()`, `checkPropertyAllowed()` and `ensureToStringAllowed()`, which re-read the current state on every call.\n\nLong-lived workers (FrankenPHP, RoadRunner, Symfony Messenger consumers, FPM with hot autoloading) that share a single `Environment` between sandboxed and non-sandboxed renders are the most exposed: a single non-sandboxed render of a shared layout pre-warms its `Template` instance, after which any later sandboxed render that extends, uses, includes or imports from that layout silently skips the filter/tag/function allow-list for the pre-warmed instance.\n\n### Resolution\n\nThe allow-list check is no longer run from the constructor. `Template` gains a public `ensureSecurityChecked()` method that calls the compiled `checkSecurity()` only when `SandboxExtension::isSandboxed($source)` returns true for the current source, and it is invoked at every entry point that can reach a `Template` instance whose security has not yet been verified against the current state: `Template::yield()`, `Template::yieldBlock()` (on the resolved block template, which covers `extends`, `use`, traits and parent blocks), `Template::getParent()` (which evaluates user code when the parent name is dynamic) and `Template::getTemplateForMacro()` (on the resolved macro template).\n\nThe explicit `checkSecurity()` calls previously emitted by `IncludeNode` and `CoreExtension::include()` are removed: the included template\u0027s own `yield()` now re-runs the check against the current sandbox state. The compiled `checkSecurity()` body is a cheap walk over compile-time-static arrays, so the per-render cost is negligible. Old cached compiled PHP files keep working unchanged: the constructor-time call they still contain is idempotent.\n\n### Credits\n\nTwig would like to thank Fabien Potencier for reporting and fixing the issue.",
"id": "GHSA-529h-vh3j-85hq",
"modified": "2026-07-01T18:55:49Z",
"published": "2026-07-01T18:55:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/twigphp/Twig/security/advisories/GHSA-529h-vh3j-85hq"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/twigphp/Twig"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/twigphp/Twig/releases/tag/v3.27.0"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Twig: Sandbox filter, tag and function allow-list bypass when sandbox state changes between renders for a cached `Template`"
}
GHSA-53MM-JH85-77GC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-09 18:31 – Updated: 2025-09-09 18:31Protection mechanism failure in Windows MapUrlToZone allows an unauthorized attacker to bypass a security feature over a network.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-54917"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-693"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-09-09T17:16:04Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Protection mechanism failure in Windows MapUrlToZone allows an unauthorized attacker to bypass a security feature over a network.",
"id": "GHSA-53mm-jh85-77gc",
"modified": "2025-09-09T18:31:22Z",
"published": "2025-09-09T18:31:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-54917"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2025-54917"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
No mitigation information available for this CWE.
CAPEC-1: Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs
In applications, particularly web applications, access to functionality is mitigated by an authorization framework. This framework maps Access Control Lists (ACLs) to elements of the application's functionality; particularly URL's for web apps. In the case that the administrator failed to specify an ACL for a particular element, an attacker may be able to access it with impunity. An attacker with the ability to access functionality not properly constrained by ACLs can obtain sensitive information and possibly compromise the entire application. Such an attacker can access resources that must be available only to users at a higher privilege level, can access management sections of the application, or can run queries for data that they otherwise not supposed to.
CAPEC-107: Cross Site Tracing
Cross Site Tracing (XST) enables an adversary to steal the victim's session cookie and possibly other authentication credentials transmitted in the header of the HTTP request when the victim's browser communicates to a destination system's web server.
CAPEC-127: Directory Indexing
An adversary crafts a request to a target that results in the target listing/indexing the content of a directory as output. One common method of triggering directory contents as output is to construct a request containing a path that terminates in a directory name rather than a file name since many applications are configured to provide a list of the directory's contents when such a request is received. An adversary can use this to explore the directory tree on a target as well as learn the names of files. This can often end up revealing test files, backup files, temporary files, hidden files, configuration files, user accounts, script contents, as well as naming conventions, all of which can be used by an attacker to mount additional attacks.
CAPEC-17: Using Malicious Files
An attack of this type exploits a system's configuration that allows an adversary to either directly access an executable file, for example through shell access; or in a possible worst case allows an adversary to upload a file and then execute it. Web servers, ftp servers, and message oriented middleware systems which have many integration points are particularly vulnerable, because both the programmers and the administrators must be in synch regarding the interfaces and the correct privileges for each interface.
CAPEC-20: Encryption Brute Forcing
An attacker, armed with the cipher text and the encryption algorithm used, performs an exhaustive (brute force) search on the key space to determine the key that decrypts the cipher text to obtain the plaintext.
CAPEC-22: Exploiting Trust in Client
An attack of this type exploits vulnerabilities in client/server communication channel authentication and data integrity. It leverages the implicit trust a server places in the client, or more importantly, that which the server believes is the client. An attacker executes this type of attack by communicating directly with the server where the server believes it is communicating only with a valid client. There are numerous variations of this type of attack.
CAPEC-237: Escaping a Sandbox by Calling Code in Another Language
The attacker may submit malicious code of another language to obtain access to privileges that were not intentionally exposed by the sandbox, thus escaping the sandbox. For instance, Java code cannot perform unsafe operations, such as modifying arbitrary memory locations, due to restrictions placed on it by the Byte code Verifier and the JVM. If allowed, Java code can call directly into native C code, which may perform unsafe operations, such as call system calls and modify arbitrary memory locations on their behalf. To provide isolation, Java does not grant untrusted code with unmediated access to native C code. Instead, the sandboxed code is typically allowed to call some subset of the pre-existing native code that is part of standard libraries.
CAPEC-36: Using Unpublished Interfaces or Functionality
An adversary searches for and invokes interfaces or functionality that the target system designers did not intend to be publicly available. If interfaces fail to authenticate requests, the attacker may be able to invoke functionality they are not authorized for.
CAPEC-477: Signature Spoofing by Mixing Signed and Unsigned Content
An attacker exploits the underlying complexity of a data structure that allows for both signed and unsigned content, to cause unsigned data to be processed as though it were signed data.
CAPEC-480: Escaping Virtualization
An adversary gains access to an application, service, or device with the privileges of an authorized or privileged user by escaping the confines of a virtualized environment. The adversary is then able to access resources or execute unauthorized code within the host environment, generally with the privileges of the user running the virtualized process. Successfully executing an attack of this type is often the first step in executing more complex attacks.
CAPEC-51: Poison Web Service Registry
SOA and Web Services often use a registry to perform look up, get schema information, and metadata about services. A poisoned registry can redirect (think phishing for servers) the service requester to a malicious service provider, provide incorrect information in schema or metadata, and delete information about service provider interfaces.
CAPEC-57: Utilizing REST's Trust in the System Resource to Obtain Sensitive Data
This attack utilizes a REST(REpresentational State Transfer)-style applications' trust in the system resources and environment to obtain sensitive data once SSL is terminated.
CAPEC-59: Session Credential Falsification through Prediction
This attack targets predictable session ID in order to gain privileges. The attacker can predict the session ID used during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking.
CAPEC-65: Sniff Application Code
An adversary passively sniffs network communications and captures application code bound for an authorized client. Once obtained, they can use it as-is, or through reverse-engineering glean sensitive information or exploit the trust relationship between the client and server. Such code may belong to a dynamic update to the client, a patch being applied to a client component or any such interaction where the client is authorized to communicate with the server.
CAPEC-668: Key Negotiation of Bluetooth Attack (KNOB)
An adversary can exploit a flaw in Bluetooth key negotiation allowing them to decrypt information sent between two devices communicating via Bluetooth. The adversary uses an Adversary in the Middle setup to modify packets sent between the two devices during the authentication process, specifically the entropy bits. Knowledge of the number of entropy bits will allow the attacker to easily decrypt information passing over the line of communication.
CAPEC-74: Manipulating State
The adversary modifies state information maintained by the target software or causes a state transition in hardware. If successful, the target will use this tainted state and execute in an unintended manner.
State management is an important function within a software application. User state maintained by the application can include usernames, payment information, browsing history as well as application-specific contents such as items in a shopping cart. Manipulating user state can be employed by an adversary to elevate privilege, conduct fraudulent transactions or otherwise modify the flow of the application to derive certain benefits.
If there is a hardware logic error in a finite state machine, the adversary can use this to put the system in an undefined state which could cause a denial of service or exposure of secure data.
CAPEC-87: Forceful Browsing
An attacker employs forceful browsing (direct URL entry) to access portions of a website that are otherwise unreachable. Usually, a front controller or similar design pattern is employed to protect access to portions of a web application. Forceful browsing enables an attacker to access information, perform privileged operations and otherwise reach sections of the web application that have been improperly protected.