Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-693

Discouraged

Protection Mechanism Failure

Abstraction: Pillar · Status: Draft

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product does not use or incorrectly uses a protection mechanism that provides sufficient defense against directed attacks against the product.

1368 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-97673 (GCVE-0-2026-97673)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-07 00:00 – Updated: 2026-10-08 03:55
VLAI
Title
Langflow OSS is affected by multiple vulnerabilities
Summary
IBM Langflow OSS 1.0.0 through 1.12.2 could allow a remote authenticated attacker to execute arbitrary code due to improper input validation.
Severity
8.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-07 00:00 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-693 - Protection Mechanism Failure
Assigner
ibm CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 88/100 over 1251 records in the last 180 days details
References
URL Tags
https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7290694 vendor-advisorypatch
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
IBM Langflow OSS Affected: 1.0.0 , ≤ 1.12.2 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:langflow_oss:1.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:langflow_oss:1.12.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
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CVE-2026-94603 (GCVE-0-2026-94603)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-13 16:51 – Updated: 2026-10-13 20:21
VLAI
Title
Podman: The `podman run` command can be instructed to disable almost all sandboxing by image annotation
Summary
Podman is a tool for managing OCI containers and pods. From 4.4.0 until 5.8.8 and 6.1.3, podman run treats an image carrying the io.podman.annotations.checkpoint.runtime.name annotation as a checkpoint and silently ignores user-supplied container creation restrictions such as --cap-drop=ALL, allowing image-controlled checkpoint state to select weaker sandbox settings and capabilities. Rootless containers are not affected because checkpoint and restore are unavailable in that mode. This issue is fixed in versions 5.8.8 and 6.1.3.
Severity
10 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-13 20:19 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-693 - Protection Mechanism Failure
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7626 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
podman-container-tools podman Affected: >= 4.4.0, < 5.8.8
Affected: >= 6.0.0, < 6.1.3
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CVE-2026-94251 (GCVE-0-2026-94251)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-23 09:42 – Updated: 2026-09-23 17:08
VLAI
Title
Apache Sling Security Bundle: ContentDispositionFilter mediates only one address/API shape of a resource
Summary
A vulnerability in Apache Sling Security Bundle: ContentDispositionFilter mediates only one address/API shape of a resource This issue affects Apache Sling Security Bundle: before 1.3.12. Users are recommended to upgrade to version 1.3.12, which fixes the issue.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-23 14:20 UTC
CWE
Assigner
apache CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 76/100 over 943 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Credits
The Apache Software Foundation Claude Code
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CVE-2026-93606 (GCVE-0-2026-93606)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-18 13:20 – Updated: 2026-09-18 17:48
VLAI
Title
vm2 before 3.12.1 Sandbox Escape via Promise Symbol.species
Summary
vm2 (npm) versions 3.12.0 and earlier contain a sandbox escape in `VM` and `NodeVM`. When an embedder exposes a host API that returns a host-realm Promise, the bridge's rejection sanitizer (hostPromiseSanitizeReject / makeSanitizedPromiseCallback / normalizeHostPromiseCallbacks in lib/bridge.js) only wraps `then`/`catch` rejection slots that hold a function, and the sandbox-side `Symbol.species`/`.then` neutralization is installed only on the sandbox intrinsic `Promise.prototype`, so it never applies to a host Promise. Code running inside the sandbox can overwrite `p.constructor[Symbol.species]` on the host Promise and then call `p.then()` with no `onRejected` handler; V8 substitutes its internal Thrower, which re-throws the raw host rejection value into a resolve/reject closure captured by the attacker. This delivers an unsanitized, fully functional bridge proxy of the host object to sandboxed code, bypassing handleException and hostPromiseSanitizeReject. If the rejection value is host-pivotable (for example a host `process` object), this results in arbitrary code execution on the host. Fixed in 3.12.1.
Severity
10 (Critical)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H
10 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-18 17:48 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-693 - Protection Mechanism Failure
Assigner
VulnCheck CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 84/100 over 6432 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
patriksimek vm2 Affected: 0 , < 3.12.1 (semver)
Unaffected: 3.12.1 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:vm2_project:vm2:*:*:*:*:*:node.js:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-09-03 00:00
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-93605 (GCVE-0-2026-93605)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-18 13:20 – Updated: 2026-09-21 20:51
VLAI
Title
vm2 NodeVM before 3.12.1 Remote Code Execution via child_process
Summary
vm2 NodeVM versions before 3.12.1 contain a sandbox escape vulnerability where the DANGEROUS_BUILTINS denylist omits child_process despite blocking other host-spawning modules. Attackers can require child_process and execute arbitrary commands on the host system when NodeVM is configured with builtin:['*'] or explicit child_process allowance.
Severity
10 (Critical)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H
10 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-21 17:57 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-693 - Protection Mechanism Failure
Assigner
VulnCheck CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 84/100 over 6432 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
patriksimek vm2 Affected: 0 , < 3.12.1 (semver)
Unaffected: 3.12.1 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:vm2_project:vm2:*:*:*:*:*:node.js:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-09-03 00:00
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-92962 (GCVE-0-2026-92962)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-17 13:46 – Updated: 2026-09-17 15:40
VLAI
Title
vm2 before 3.11.4 Defense Invariant Violation via setup-sandbox.js
Summary
vm2 is a sandbox for running untrusted JavaScript. In vm2 versions up to and including 3.11.3, the defaultSandboxPrepareStackTrace function in lib/setup-sandbox.js builds its output array using prototype-walking index assignment (lines[lines.length] = value) rather than a prototype-bypassing define-property primitive. Because this bridge-internal array is allocated in the sandbox realm, code inside the sandbox can install an accessor on Array.prototype for the relevant index; the accessor is then invoked whenever the sandbox reads error.stack (or otherwise triggers Error.prepareStackTrace), allowing sandbox code to observe and intercept each stack-trace line written by the bridge. The same pattern is used in the error-handling (catch) branch. The values written are formatted strings only, so the practical impact is limited to an information side channel and a violation of vm2's bridge-container defense invariant rather than a sandbox escape; the vendor rates the issue Low. The issue is fixed in vm2 3.11.4, which installs each entry as an own data property via Reflect.defineProperty.
Severity
2.1 (Low)
CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:L/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-17 15:39 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-693 - Protection Mechanism Failure
Assigner
VulnCheck CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 84/100 over 6432 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
patriksimek vm2 Affected: 0 , < 3.11.4 (semver)
Unaffected: 3.11.4 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-05-18 00:00
Credits
fg0x0
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-92959 (GCVE-0-2026-92959)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-17 13:46 – Updated: 2026-09-21 20:41
VLAI
Title
vm2 before 3.11.8 allowAsync Bypass via Promise Thenable
Summary
vm2 before 3.11.8 does not fully enforce the allowAsync: false option in VM and NodeVM. While localPromise.prototype.then is replaced with a handler that throws 'Async not available', the sandbox's Promise static methods (Promise.resolve, Promise.all, Promise.race, Promise.any, and Promise.allSettled) still assimilate attacker-supplied thenables: native promise resolution performs PromiseResolveThenableJob and invokes the sandboxed code's then method in a microtask without passing through the patched then, so the async restriction is never applied. As a result, sandboxed script can schedule work that runs after VM.run() or NodeVM.run() has returned and outside the configured timeout, continuing to execute after the host believes execution is complete.
Severity
7.1 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
7.1 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-21 20:41 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-693 - Protection Mechanism Failure
Assigner
VulnCheck CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 84/100 over 6432 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
patriksimek vm2 Affected: 0 , < 3.11.8 (semver)
Unaffected: 3.11.8 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-08-27 00:00
Credits
sondt99 dungNHVhust
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-92956 (GCVE-0-2026-92956)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-17 13:46 – Updated: 2026-09-17 19:20
VLAI
Title
vm2 3.10.1 through 3.11.6 Sandbox Escape via WebAssembly.compileStreaming
Summary
vm2 versions 3.10.1 through 3.11.6 contain a sandbox escape reachable from a default `new VM()` sandbox when running on Node.js 26. WebAssembly.compileStreaming and WebAssembly.instantiateStreaming can produce a raw host-realm Promise that rejects with a host-realm error object; by controlling Symbol.species via Promise.prototype.finally, sandbox code receives that raw host error, walks from the host error constructor to the host Function constructor, and recovers the real host `process` object, gaining host Node.js capabilities (e.g. access to host modules such as fs) in the context of the process running the sandbox. No NodeVM, require permission, host object injection, or otherwise unsafe configuration is required. This is a bypass of the fix for GHSA-6j2x-vhqr-qr7q, which removed the JSPI entry points WebAssembly.promising and WebAssembly.Suspending. The issue is fixed in 3.11.7.
Severity
10 (Critical)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H
10 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-17 19:18 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-693 - Protection Mechanism Failure
Assigner
VulnCheck CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 84/100 over 6432 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
patriksimek vm2 Affected: 3.10.1 , < 3.11.7 (semver)
Unaffected: 3.11.7 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-08-24 00:00
Credits
thesmartshadow zolbooo
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-92948 (GCVE-0-2026-92948)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-17 13:46 – Updated: 2026-09-18 19:31
VLAI
Title
vm2 3.9.6 through 3.11.5 Sandbox Escape via node:test
Summary
vm2 versions >= 3.9.6 and <= 3.11.6 are affected by a NodeVM builtin allowlist bypass that permits a sandbox escape on Node.js 24 and newer when the embedder explicitly allows the node:test builtin (e.g. require: { builtin: ['node:test'] }). On Node.js 24+, module.builtinModules exposes the scheme-only key node:test, which is not covered by vm2's family-based DANGEROUS_BUILTINS protection, so it is stored in the generic host-passthrough loader. Because requireImpl() in lib/setup-node-sandbox.js strips a single 'node:' prefix before the builtin lookup, sandbox code calling require('node:node:test') resolves to the stored node:test key and receives a readonly proxy to the host module. Calls to node:test.run() are forwarded to the host implementation, which spawns a separate Node process for process-isolated test execution and passes through attacker-controlled execArgv values; supplying --eval=<JavaScript> therefore executes arbitrary JavaScript in an unrestricted host Node process outside the NodeVM sandbox. Fixed in vm2 3.11.7.
Severity
9.4 (Critical)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H
9.9 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-18 19:31 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-693 - Protection Mechanism Failure
Assigner
VulnCheck CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 84/100 over 6432 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
patriksimek vm2 Affected: 3.9.6 , < 3.11.7 (semver)
Unaffected: 3.11.7 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-08-24 00:00
Credits
the-vibe-dev
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-92944 (GCVE-0-2026-92944)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-17 13:46 – Updated: 2026-09-19 02:31
VLAI
Title
vm2 3.10.2 through 3.11.6 Sandbox Escape via Promise Protector
Summary
vm2 versions 3.10.2 through 3.11.6 contain a sandbox escape vulnerability on Node.js 26 where Promise.prototype.finally() bypasses vm2's wrapper protections due to a stale PromiseThenLookupChain protector in V8 14.6. Attackers can exploit this by creating an async function that returns a Promise with an attacker-controlled constructor Symbol.species, allowing them to reach the host Function constructor and process object for arbitrary code execution.
Severity
9.3 (Critical)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
9.8 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-19 02:30 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-693 - Protection Mechanism Failure
Assigner
VulnCheck CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 84/100 over 6432 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
patriksimek vm2 Affected: 3.10.2 , < 3.11.7 (semver)
Unaffected: 3.11.7 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-08-24 00:00
Credits
YMs0ra
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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            "baseScore": 9.3,
            "baseSeverity": "CRITICAL",
            "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
            "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
            "version": "4.0",
            "vulnAvailabilityImpact": "HIGH",
            "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
            "vulnIntegrityImpact": "HIGH"
          },
          "format": "CVSS"
        },
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
            "baseScore": 9.8,
            "baseSeverity": "CRITICAL",
            "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
            "integrityImpact": "HIGH",
            "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
            "scope": "UNCHANGED",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "format": "CVSS"
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-693",
              "description": "Protection Mechanism Failure",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-09-17T13:46:06.201Z",
        "orgId": "83251b91-4cc7-4094-a5c7-464a1b83ea10",
        "shortName": "VulnCheck"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "name": "GitHub Security Advisory (GHSA-27g9-p43v-cw3v)",
          "tags": [
            "vendor-advisory"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2/security/advisories/GHSA-27g9-p43v-cw3v"
        },
        {
          "name": "Patch Commit",
          "tags": [
            "patch"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2/commit/7b26e81087ec88c287d9a4812f969d412f32774e"
        },
        {
          "name": "Patch Commit",
          "tags": [
            "patch"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2/commit/4635ddd85839461c8ad791990023a477efefe7bd"
        },
        {
          "name": "VulnCheck Advisory: vm2 3.10.2 through 3.11.6 Sandbox Escape via Promise Protector",
          "tags": [
            "third-party-advisory"
          ],
          "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/vm2-3.10.2-through-3.11.6-sandbox-escape-via-promise-protector"
        }
      ],
      "title": "vm2 3.10.2 through 3.11.6 Sandbox Escape via Promise Protector",
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "vulncheck-endgame"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "83251b91-4cc7-4094-a5c7-464a1b83ea10",
    "assignerShortName": "VulnCheck",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-92944",
    "datePublished": "2026-09-17T13:46:06.201Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-09-17T12:43:03.567Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-09-19T02:31:01.016Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

No mitigation information available for this CWE.

CAPEC-1: Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs

In applications, particularly web applications, access to functionality is mitigated by an authorization framework. This framework maps Access Control Lists (ACLs) to elements of the application's functionality; particularly URL's for web apps. In the case that the administrator failed to specify an ACL for a particular element, an attacker may be able to access it with impunity. An attacker with the ability to access functionality not properly constrained by ACLs can obtain sensitive information and possibly compromise the entire application. Such an attacker can access resources that must be available only to users at a higher privilege level, can access management sections of the application, or can run queries for data that they otherwise not supposed to.

CAPEC-107: Cross Site Tracing

Cross Site Tracing (XST) enables an adversary to steal the victim's session cookie and possibly other authentication credentials transmitted in the header of the HTTP request when the victim's browser communicates to a destination system's web server.

CAPEC-127: Directory Indexing

An adversary crafts a request to a target that results in the target listing/indexing the content of a directory as output. One common method of triggering directory contents as output is to construct a request containing a path that terminates in a directory name rather than a file name since many applications are configured to provide a list of the directory's contents when such a request is received. An adversary can use this to explore the directory tree on a target as well as learn the names of files. This can often end up revealing test files, backup files, temporary files, hidden files, configuration files, user accounts, script contents, as well as naming conventions, all of which can be used by an attacker to mount additional attacks.

CAPEC-17: Using Malicious Files

An attack of this type exploits a system's configuration that allows an adversary to either directly access an executable file, for example through shell access; or in a possible worst case allows an adversary to upload a file and then execute it. Web servers, ftp servers, and message oriented middleware systems which have many integration points are particularly vulnerable, because both the programmers and the administrators must be in synch regarding the interfaces and the correct privileges for each interface.

CAPEC-20: Encryption Brute Forcing

An attacker, armed with the cipher text and the encryption algorithm used, performs an exhaustive (brute force) search on the key space to determine the key that decrypts the cipher text to obtain the plaintext.

CAPEC-22: Exploiting Trust in Client

An attack of this type exploits vulnerabilities in client/server communication channel authentication and data integrity. It leverages the implicit trust a server places in the client, or more importantly, that which the server believes is the client. An attacker executes this type of attack by communicating directly with the server where the server believes it is communicating only with a valid client. There are numerous variations of this type of attack.

CAPEC-237: Escaping a Sandbox by Calling Code in Another Language

The attacker may submit malicious code of another language to obtain access to privileges that were not intentionally exposed by the sandbox, thus escaping the sandbox. For instance, Java code cannot perform unsafe operations, such as modifying arbitrary memory locations, due to restrictions placed on it by the Byte code Verifier and the JVM. If allowed, Java code can call directly into native C code, which may perform unsafe operations, such as call system calls and modify arbitrary memory locations on their behalf. To provide isolation, Java does not grant untrusted code with unmediated access to native C code. Instead, the sandboxed code is typically allowed to call some subset of the pre-existing native code that is part of standard libraries.

CAPEC-36: Using Unpublished Interfaces or Functionality

An adversary searches for and invokes interfaces or functionality that the target system designers did not intend to be publicly available. If interfaces fail to authenticate requests, the attacker may be able to invoke functionality they are not authorized for.

CAPEC-477: Signature Spoofing by Mixing Signed and Unsigned Content

An attacker exploits the underlying complexity of a data structure that allows for both signed and unsigned content, to cause unsigned data to be processed as though it were signed data.

CAPEC-480: Escaping Virtualization

An adversary gains access to an application, service, or device with the privileges of an authorized or privileged user by escaping the confines of a virtualized environment. The adversary is then able to access resources or execute unauthorized code within the host environment, generally with the privileges of the user running the virtualized process. Successfully executing an attack of this type is often the first step in executing more complex attacks.

CAPEC-51: Poison Web Service Registry

SOA and Web Services often use a registry to perform look up, get schema information, and metadata about services. A poisoned registry can redirect (think phishing for servers) the service requester to a malicious service provider, provide incorrect information in schema or metadata, and delete information about service provider interfaces.

CAPEC-57: Utilizing REST's Trust in the System Resource to Obtain Sensitive Data

This attack utilizes a REST(REpresentational State Transfer)-style applications' trust in the system resources and environment to obtain sensitive data once SSL is terminated.

CAPEC-59: Session Credential Falsification through Prediction

This attack targets predictable session ID in order to gain privileges. The attacker can predict the session ID used during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking.

CAPEC-65: Sniff Application Code

An adversary passively sniffs network communications and captures application code bound for an authorized client. Once obtained, they can use it as-is, or through reverse-engineering glean sensitive information or exploit the trust relationship between the client and server. Such code may belong to a dynamic update to the client, a patch being applied to a client component or any such interaction where the client is authorized to communicate with the server.

CAPEC-668: Key Negotiation of Bluetooth Attack (KNOB)

An adversary can exploit a flaw in Bluetooth key negotiation allowing them to decrypt information sent between two devices communicating via Bluetooth. The adversary uses an Adversary in the Middle setup to modify packets sent between the two devices during the authentication process, specifically the entropy bits. Knowledge of the number of entropy bits will allow the attacker to easily decrypt information passing over the line of communication.

CAPEC-74: Manipulating State

The adversary modifies state information maintained by the target software or causes a state transition in hardware. If successful, the target will use this tainted state and execute in an unintended manner.

State management is an important function within a software application. User state maintained by the application can include usernames, payment information, browsing history as well as application-specific contents such as items in a shopping cart. Manipulating user state can be employed by an adversary to elevate privilege, conduct fraudulent transactions or otherwise modify the flow of the application to derive certain benefits.

If there is a hardware logic error in a finite state machine, the adversary can use this to put the system in an undefined state which could cause a denial of service or exposure of secure data.

CAPEC-87: Forceful Browsing

An attacker employs forceful browsing (direct URL entry) to access portions of a website that are otherwise unreachable. Usually, a front controller or similar design pattern is employed to protect access to portions of a web application. Forceful browsing enables an attacker to access information, perform privileged operations and otherwise reach sections of the web application that have been improperly protected.

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