Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2310 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-M69R-4H68-XQ7J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:18 – Updated: 2024-04-24 17:47
VLAI
Summary
Knock Knock plugin Open redirection vulnerability
Details
The Knock Knock plugin before 1.2.8 for Craft CMS allows malicious redirection.
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "verbb/knock-knock"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.2.8"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-13486"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-04-24T17:47:23Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2020-05-25T23:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Knock Knock plugin before 1.2.8 for Craft CMS allows malicious redirection.",
"id": "GHSA-m69r-4h68-xq7j",
"modified": "2024-04-24T17:47:23Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:18:44Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-13486"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/verbb/knock-knock"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/verbb/knock-knock/blob/craft-3/CHANGELOG.md"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Knock Knock plugin Open redirection vulnerability"
}
GHSA-M6R2-8WHM-HXRJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-28 21:30 – Updated: 2024-10-31 00:30
VLAI
Details
PbootCMS 3.2.8 is vulnerable to URL Redirect.
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-42930"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-10-28T20:15:05Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "PbootCMS 3.2.8 is vulnerable to URL Redirect.",
"id": "GHSA-m6r2-8whm-hxrj",
"modified": "2024-10-31T00:30:36Z",
"published": "2024-10-28T21:30:34Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-42930"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/cyb3res3c/CVE-2024-42930/blob/main/CVE-2024-42930.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.pbootcms.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-M7GJ-4V6M-JJGW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-05-30 21:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 04:24
VLAI
Details
Avaya IX Workforce Engagement v15.2.7.1195 - CWE-601: URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-32218"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-05-30T20:15:10Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Avaya IX Workforce Engagement v15.2.7.1195 - CWE-601: URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027)",
"id": "GHSA-m7gj-4v6m-jjgw",
"modified": "2024-04-04T04:24:01Z",
"published": "2023-05-30T21:30:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-32218"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.gov.il/en/Departments/faq/cve_advisories"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-M7JG-GW6R-5P82
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-29 18:31 – Updated: 2024-08-29 18:31
VLAI
Details
IBM Security Verify Access 10.0.0 through 10.0.8 OIDC Provider could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim.
Severity
6.8 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-35133"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-08-29T17:15:07Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "IBM Security Verify Access 10.0.0 through 10.0.8 OIDC Provider could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim.",
"id": "GHSA-m7jg-gw6r-5p82",
"modified": "2024-08-29T18:31:35Z",
"published": "2024-08-29T18:31:35Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-35133"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/291026"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7166712"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-M84F-87RV-F8J9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-17 18:35 – Updated: 2026-06-17 18:35
VLAI
Details
Dell PowerFlex rack, version(s) RCM 3.7/3.7, contain(s) a Host Header Injection vulnerability. An unauthenticated attacker with remote access could potentially exploit this vulnerability to trigger redirections.
Severity
4.3 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-32748"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-17T17:16:38Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Dell PowerFlex rack, version(s) RCM 3.7/3.7, contain(s) a Host Header Injection vulnerability. An unauthenticated attacker with remote access could potentially exploit this vulnerability to trigger redirections.",
"id": "GHSA-m84f-87rv-f8j9",
"modified": "2026-06-17T18:35:56Z",
"published": "2026-06-17T18:35:56Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-32748"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.dell.com/support/kbdoc/en-us/000059672/ifgroup-not-working-correctly-when-ip-range-is-used"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-M8VF-VPR3-F452
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-09-07 15:30 – Updated: 2024-09-07 15:30
VLAI
Details
A vulnerability was found in SourceCodester Clinics Patient Management System 2.0. It has been classified as problematic. Affected is an unknown function of the file congratulations.php. The manipulation of the argument goto_page leads to open redirect. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.
Severity
4.3 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-8555"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-09-07T15:15:10Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in SourceCodester Clinics Patient Management System 2.0. It has been classified as problematic. Affected is an unknown function of the file congratulations.php. The manipulation of the argument goto_page leads to open redirect. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.",
"id": "GHSA-m8vf-vpr3-f452",
"modified": "2024-09-07T15:30:30Z",
"published": "2024-09-07T15:30:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-8555"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/gurudattch/CVEs/blob/main/Sourcecodester-Clinic\u0027s-Patient-Management-System-Open-Redirect.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.276774"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.276774"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.402386"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.sourcecodester.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-M8XV-4FHP-GFR3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 02:48 – Updated: 2022-05-17 02:48
VLAI
Details
The "Scheduler" function in Cybozu Garoon before 4.2.2 allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary websites.
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2016-1213"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-04-20T18:59:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The \"Scheduler\" function in Cybozu Garoon before 4.2.2 allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary websites.",
"id": "GHSA-m8xv-4fhp-gfr3",
"modified": "2022-05-17T02:48:38Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T02:48:38Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-1213"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.cybozu.com/ja-jp/article/9221"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://jvn.jp/en/jp/JVN67266823/index.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://jvndb.jvn.jp/jvndb/JVNDB-2016-000142"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/92596"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-M97G-5Q6H-6FCQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-31 12:30 – Updated: 2025-10-09 15:31
VLAI
Details
The vulnerability exists in the EJBCA service, version 8.0 Enterprise. By making a small change to the PATH of the URL associated with the service, the server fails to find the requested file and redirects to an external page. This vulnerability could allow users to be redirected to potentially malicious external sites, which can be exploited for phishing or other social engineering attacks.
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-3027"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-03-31T11:15:40Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The vulnerability exists in the EJBCA service, version 8.0 Enterprise. By making a small change to the PATH of the URL associated with the service, the server fails to find the requested file and redirects to an external page. This vulnerability could allow users to be redirected to potentially malicious external sites, which can be exploited for phishing or other social engineering attacks.",
"id": "GHSA-m97g-5q6h-6fcq",
"modified": "2025-10-09T15:31:02Z",
"published": "2025-03-31T12:30:45Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-3027"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.incibe.es/en/incibe-cert/notices/aviso/multiple-vulnerabilities-ejbca"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:L/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-M98Q-Q59P-R9FV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:11 – Updated: 2024-04-23 23:37
VLAI
Summary
Moodle open redirect vulnerability
Details
A vulnerability was found in Moodle 3.7 to 3.7.3, 3.6 to 3.6.7, 3.5 to 3.5.9 and earlier where an open redirect existed in the Lesson edit page.
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "moodle/moodle"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "3.5"
},
{
"fixed": "3.5.9"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "moodle/moodle"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "3.6"
},
{
"fixed": "3.6.7"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "moodle/moodle"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "3.7"
},
{
"fixed": "3.7.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-14882"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-04-23T23:37:37Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2020-03-18T13:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in Moodle 3.7 to 3.7.3, 3.6 to 3.6.7, 3.5 to 3.5.9 and earlier where an open redirect existed in the Lesson edit page.",
"id": "GHSA-m98q-q59p-r9fv",
"modified": "2024-04-23T23:37:37Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:11:48Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-14882"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=CVE-2019-14882"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/moodle/moodle"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://moodle.org/mod/forum/discuss.php?d=393585#p1586747"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Moodle open redirect vulnerability"
}
GHSA-M999-J542-5W3R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-19 21:16 – Updated: 2026-06-19 21:16
VLAI
Summary
Open Redirect Bypass in miniflux-v2
Details
Summary
The URL restrictions in miniflux-v2 can be bypassed by attackers, leading to an open redirect vulnerability.
Details
Normally, the redirect URL needs to be validated using IsRelativePath.
There are some security measures in place, such as requiring relative paths, prohibiting host and schema entries, and rejecting proof-of-concept (PoC) entries like //fushuling.com. However, these measures can still be bypassed.
For a proof-of-concept (PoC) like /\fushuling.com, it lacks host and netloc fields and doesn't start with //, but during the actual browser redirection, the backslash is automatically parsed as a forward slash, ultimately redirecting to the external address https://fushuling.com, thus bypassing existing protections.
For PoCs like //fushuling.com, the existing logic successfully detects and resolves to /unread, effectively preventing attacks.
POST /login HTTP/1.1
Host: 127.0.0.1:8081
Content-Length: 92
Cache-Control: max-age=0
sec-ch-ua: "Not(A:Brand";v="24", "Chromium";v="122"
sec-ch-ua-mobile: ?0
sec-ch-ua-platform: "Windows"
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
Origin: null
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/122.0.6261.57 Safari/537.36
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7
Sec-Fetch-Site: same-origin
Sec-Fetch-Mode: navigate
Sec-Fetch-User: ?1
Sec-Fetch-Dest: document
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br
Accept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.9
Cookie: cw_conversation=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJzb3VyY2VfaWQiOiI1NTlhZGZkNS0wMTMxLTRjOWUtYjJmMi1kZTQ4YzFmMzUwODMiLCJpbmJveF9pZCI6NTI3NTUsImV4cCI6MTc5MTk3MzU4OCwiaWF0IjoxNzc2NDIxNTg4fQ._8EAAv62saWBzO54yUJCbASbjbrNdMsYEC49blqJwQM; casdoor_session_id=cc333aee41d646565c1bde0bba532991; SSID=EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE.KKPgzj5eEsDglYQXFeERpo7F97-phtpOsQL0Sh9e_EA; sid=Q5hex9PpdqFKeVL41zT4W9DqyBnMJhVO; MinifluxSessionID=F5GAIDVFDZVTOTOWBLWKXCRNIE.HUQLKF4BMK42KUAM3N2VK4MA45
Connection: close
csrf=CYJ2SHTG7AYLMFW6TMTLRR4K54&redirect_url=//fushuling.com&username=admin&password=test123
However, when the attacker specified the redirect URL as /\fushuling.com, the URL successfully bypassed the detection and set the location to /\fushuling.com.
POST /login HTTP/1.1
Host: 127.0.0.1:8081
Content-Length: 92
Cache-Control: max-age=0
sec-ch-ua: "Not(A:Brand";v="24", "Chromium";v="122"
sec-ch-ua-mobile: ?0
sec-ch-ua-platform: "Windows"
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
Origin: null
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/122.0.6261.57 Safari/537.36
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7
Sec-Fetch-Site: same-origin
Sec-Fetch-Mode: navigate
Sec-Fetch-User: ?1
Sec-Fetch-Dest: document
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br
Accept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.9
Cookie: cw_conversation=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJzb3VyY2VfaWQiOiI1NTlhZGZkNS0wMTMxLTRjOWUtYjJmMi1kZTQ4YzFmMzUwODMiLCJpbmJveF9pZCI6NTI3NTUsImV4cCI6MTc5MTk3MzU4OCwiaWF0IjoxNzc2NDIxNTg4fQ._8EAAv62saWBzO54yUJCbASbjbrNdMsYEC49blqJwQM; casdoor_session_id=cc333aee41d646565c1bde0bba532991; SSID=EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE.KKPgzj5eEsDglYQXFeERpo7F97-phtpOsQL0Sh9e_EA; sid=Q5hex9PpdqFKeVL41zT4W9DqyBnMJhVO; MinifluxSessionID=54R3C5MYFRCW7JVL2WUP5GFW4Z.3FLK5B4S7R3O6ZRACB7A3B2RG5
Connection: close
csrf=QC7PJNLRRDHSF6OZPXFVPKAXEO&redirect_url=/\fushuling.com&username=admin&password=test123
In the actual browser redirection, the URL successfully redirected to https://fushuling.com, thus bypassing the restrictions and achieving an open redirect attack.
PoC
/\fushuling.com
Impact
Open Redirect
Severity
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 2.3.0"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "miniflux.app/v2"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.3.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-55185"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-06-19T21:16:13Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Summary\nThe URL restrictions in `miniflux-v2` can be bypassed by attackers, leading to an open redirect vulnerability.\n\n### Details\n\nNormally, the redirect URL needs to be validated using `IsRelativePath`.\n\n\u003cimg width=\"1728\" height=\"1386\" alt=\"QQ20260526-175356-26-1\" src=\"https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/b481845a-8744-41f7-b27a-526c7ac92e03\" /\u003e\n\nThere are some security measures in place, such as requiring relative paths, prohibiting host and schema entries, and rejecting proof-of-concept (PoC) entries like `//fushuling.com`. However, these measures can still be bypassed.\n\n\u003cimg width=\"1911\" height=\"804\" alt=\"QQ20260526-175836-26-2\" src=\"https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/90353c7f-7247-4453-a781-159361de13d6\" /\u003e\n\nFor a proof-of-concept (PoC) like `/\\fushuling.com`, it lacks host and netloc fields and doesn\u0027t start with `//`, but during the actual browser redirection, the backslash is automatically parsed as a forward slash, ultimately redirecting to the external address `https://fushuling.com`, thus bypassing existing protections.\n\nFor PoCs like `//fushuling.com`, the existing logic successfully detects and resolves to `/unread`, effectively preventing attacks.\n\n```\nPOST /login HTTP/1.1\nHost: 127.0.0.1:8081\nContent-Length: 92\nCache-Control: max-age=0\nsec-ch-ua: \"Not(A:Brand\";v=\"24\", \"Chromium\";v=\"122\"\nsec-ch-ua-mobile: ?0\nsec-ch-ua-platform: \"Windows\"\nUpgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1\nOrigin: null\nContent-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded\nUser-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/122.0.6261.57 Safari/537.36\nAccept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7\nSec-Fetch-Site: same-origin\nSec-Fetch-Mode: navigate\nSec-Fetch-User: ?1\nSec-Fetch-Dest: document\nAccept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br\nAccept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.9\nCookie: cw_conversation=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJzb3VyY2VfaWQiOiI1NTlhZGZkNS0wMTMxLTRjOWUtYjJmMi1kZTQ4YzFmMzUwODMiLCJpbmJveF9pZCI6NTI3NTUsImV4cCI6MTc5MTk3MzU4OCwiaWF0IjoxNzc2NDIxNTg4fQ._8EAAv62saWBzO54yUJCbASbjbrNdMsYEC49blqJwQM; casdoor_session_id=cc333aee41d646565c1bde0bba532991; SSID=EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE.KKPgzj5eEsDglYQXFeERpo7F97-phtpOsQL0Sh9e_EA; sid=Q5hex9PpdqFKeVL41zT4W9DqyBnMJhVO; MinifluxSessionID=F5GAIDVFDZVTOTOWBLWKXCRNIE.HUQLKF4BMK42KUAM3N2VK4MA45\nConnection: close\n\ncsrf=CYJ2SHTG7AYLMFW6TMTLRR4K54\u0026redirect_url=//fushuling.com\u0026username=admin\u0026password=test123\n```\n\n\u003cimg width=\"1773\" height=\"894\" alt=\"QQ20260526-180410-26-3\" src=\"https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/19e532ad-e366-4eb8-a08e-7b1de02edc7b\" /\u003e\n\nHowever, when the attacker specified the redirect URL as `/\\fushuling.com`, the URL successfully bypassed the detection and set the location to /\\fushuling.com.\n\n```\nPOST /login HTTP/1.1\nHost: 127.0.0.1:8081\nContent-Length: 92\nCache-Control: max-age=0\nsec-ch-ua: \"Not(A:Brand\";v=\"24\", \"Chromium\";v=\"122\"\nsec-ch-ua-mobile: ?0\nsec-ch-ua-platform: \"Windows\"\nUpgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1\nOrigin: null\nContent-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded\nUser-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/122.0.6261.57 Safari/537.36\nAccept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7\nSec-Fetch-Site: same-origin\nSec-Fetch-Mode: navigate\nSec-Fetch-User: ?1\nSec-Fetch-Dest: document\nAccept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br\nAccept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.9\nCookie: cw_conversation=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJzb3VyY2VfaWQiOiI1NTlhZGZkNS0wMTMxLTRjOWUtYjJmMi1kZTQ4YzFmMzUwODMiLCJpbmJveF9pZCI6NTI3NTUsImV4cCI6MTc5MTk3MzU4OCwiaWF0IjoxNzc2NDIxNTg4fQ._8EAAv62saWBzO54yUJCbASbjbrNdMsYEC49blqJwQM; casdoor_session_id=cc333aee41d646565c1bde0bba532991; SSID=EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE.KKPgzj5eEsDglYQXFeERpo7F97-phtpOsQL0Sh9e_EA; sid=Q5hex9PpdqFKeVL41zT4W9DqyBnMJhVO; MinifluxSessionID=54R3C5MYFRCW7JVL2WUP5GFW4Z.3FLK5B4S7R3O6ZRACB7A3B2RG5\nConnection: close\n\ncsrf=QC7PJNLRRDHSF6OZPXFVPKAXEO\u0026redirect_url=/\\fushuling.com\u0026username=admin\u0026password=test123\n```\n\u003cimg width=\"1629\" height=\"887\" alt=\"QQ20260526-180606-26-4\" src=\"https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/efe78aca-06ef-4369-83b7-0d7119ac2546\" /\u003e\n\nIn the actual browser redirection, the URL successfully redirected to `https://fushuling.com`, thus bypassing the restrictions and achieving an open redirect attack.\n\n\u003cimg width=\"1082\" height=\"621\" alt=\"QQ20260526-180711-26-5\" src=\"https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/0b486f09-8a9b-4d38-8350-d7ca5c51c253\" /\u003e\n\n\n### PoC\n```\n/\\fushuling.com\n```\n\n### Impact\nOpen Redirect",
"id": "GHSA-m999-j542-5w3r",
"modified": "2026-06-19T21:16:13Z",
"published": "2026-06-19T21:16:13Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/miniflux/v2/security/advisories/GHSA-m999-j542-5w3r"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/miniflux/v2"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Open Redirect Bypass in miniflux-v2"
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Architecture and Design
Implementation
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Operation
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.