CWE-444
AllowedInconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete
The product acts as an intermediary HTTP agent (such as a proxy or firewall) in the data flow between two entities such as a client and server, but it does not interpret malformed HTTP requests or responses in ways that are consistent with how the messages will be processed by those entities that are at the ultimate destination.
625 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-CRQG-WQ4G-597M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-29 09:31 – Updated: 2026-07-29 09:31Apache Traffic Server forwards HTTP/2 origin trailers to HTTP/1 clients without proper chunked framing when converting HTTP/2 to HTTP/1.
This issue affects Apache Traffic Server: from 10.0.0 through 10.1.3.
Users are recommended to upgrade to version 9.2.15 or 10.1.4, which fix the issue.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-58153"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-444"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-07-29T09:16:29Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Apache Traffic Server forwards HTTP/2 origin trailers to HTTP/1 clients without proper chunked framing when converting HTTP/2 to HTTP/1.\n\nThis issue affects Apache Traffic Server: from 10.0.0 through 10.1.3.\n\nUsers are recommended to upgrade to version 9.2.15 or 10.1.4, which fix the issue.",
"id": "GHSA-crqg-wq4g-597m",
"modified": "2026-07-29T09:31:29Z",
"published": "2026-07-29T09:31:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-58153"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread/5prl9glcm9g2swnq9hqxvnokylm1gr6d"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:L/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-CRQJ-898F-X3M2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-16 15:31 – Updated: 2025-07-29 15:31A request smuggling vulnerability existed in the Google Cloud Classic Application Load Balancer due to improper handling of chunked-encoded HTTP requests. This allowed attackers to craft requests that could be misinterpreted by backend servers. The issue was fixed by disallowing stray data after a chunk, and is no longer exploitable. No action is required as Classic Application Load Balancer service after 2025-04-26 is not vulnerable.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-4600"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-20",
"CWE-444"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-16T14:15:32Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A request smuggling vulnerability existed in the Google Cloud Classic Application Load Balancer due to improper handling of chunked-encoded HTTP requests. This allowed attackers to craft requests that could be misinterpreted by backend servers. The issue was fixed by disallowing stray data after a chunk, and is no longer exploitable. No action is required as Classic Application Load Balancer service after 2025-04-26 is not vulnerable.",
"id": "GHSA-crqj-898f-x3m2",
"modified": "2025-07-29T15:31:29Z",
"published": "2025-05-16T15:31:03Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-4600"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cloud.google.com/support/bulletins#gcp-2025-027"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:L/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-CVPP-RMJX-5X2M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-14 00:32 – Updated: 2025-05-29 09:30Varnish Cache before 7.6.3 and 7.7 before 7.7.1, and Varnish Enterprise before 6.0.13r14, allow client-side desync via HTTP/1 requests, because the product incorrectly permits CRLF to be skipped to delimit chunk boundaries.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-47905"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-444"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-13T22:15:24Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Varnish Cache before 7.6.3 and 7.7 before 7.7.1, and Varnish Enterprise before 6.0.13r14, allow client-side desync via HTTP/1 requests, because the product incorrectly permits CRLF to be skipped to delimit chunk boundaries.",
"id": "GHSA-cvpp-rmjx-5x2m",
"modified": "2025-05-29T09:30:59Z",
"published": "2025-05-14T00:32:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-47905"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/05/msg00040.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://varnish-cache.org/security/VSV00016.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2025/05/15/2"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CVW6-X8C3-583G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-28 18:30 – Updated: 2026-04-29 00:30** UNSUPPORTED WHEN ASSIGNED ** Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling') vulnerability in Pony Mail leading to admin account takeover.
This issue affects all versions of the Lua implementation of Pony Mail. There is a Python implementation under development under the name "Pony Mail Foal" that is not affected by this issue, but hasn't been released yet.
As the Lua implementation of this project is retired, we do not plan to release a version that fixes this issue. Users are recommended to find an alternative or restrict access to the instance to trusted users.
NOTE: This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-41873"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-444"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-28T16:16:13Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "** UNSUPPORTED WHEN ASSIGNED ** Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests (\u0027HTTP Request/Response Smuggling\u0027) vulnerability in Pony Mail leading to admin account takeover.\n\nThis issue affects all versions of the Lua implementation of Pony Mail. There is a Python implementation under development under the name \"Pony Mail Foal\" that is not affected by this issue, but hasn\u0027t been released yet.\n\nAs the Lua implementation of this project is retired, we do not plan to release a version that fixes this issue. Users are recommended to find an alternative or restrict access to the instance to trusted users.\n\nNOTE: This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.",
"id": "GHSA-cvw6-x8c3-583g",
"modified": "2026-04-29T00:30:22Z",
"published": "2026-04-28T18:30:33Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-41873"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread/1c7jtxjobh280kqc13fzw1cg57xrz951"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/04/28/17"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CVXG-MFRC-H7WV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:10 – Updated: 2024-03-21 03:33Citrix Gateway 11.1, 12.0, and 12.1 allows Cache Poisoning.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-10112"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-444"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-03-06T21:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Citrix Gateway 11.1, 12.0, and 12.1 allows Cache Poisoning.",
"id": "GHSA-cvxg-mfrc-h7wv",
"modified": "2024-03-21T03:33:54Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:10:20Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-10112"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.citrix.com/search"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/156660/Citrix-Gateway-11.1-12.0-12.1-Cache-Poisoning.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2020/Mar/8"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CWMV-37M7-7829
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-22 12:31 – Updated: 2025-10-22 12:31Connection desynchronization between an HTTP proxy and the model backend. The fixes were rolled out for all proxies in front of impacted models by 2025-09-28. Users do not need to take any action.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-11915"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-444"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-10-22T10:15:31Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Connection desynchronization between an HTTP proxy and the model backend. The fixes were rolled out for all proxies in front of impacted models by 2025-09-28. Users do not need to take any action.",
"id": "GHSA-cwmv-37m7-7829",
"modified": "2025-10-22T12:31:21Z",
"published": "2025-10-22T12:31:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-11915"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cloud.google.com/vertex-ai/generative-ai/docs/security-bulletins#gcp-2025-059"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:L/SC:L/SI:N/SA:L/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:Clear",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-CXRQ-P7XP-M9HW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-30 21:31 – Updated: 2026-06-30 21:31IBM WebSphere Application Server - Liberty 17.0.0.3 through 26.0.0.6 is affected by an arbitrary file read vulnerability with the restConnector-2.0 feature enabled.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-11806"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-444"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-30T20:17:28Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "IBM WebSphere Application Server - Liberty 17.0.0.3 through 26.0.0.6 is affected by an arbitrary file read vulnerability with the restConnector-2.0 feature enabled.",
"id": "GHSA-cxrq-p7xp-m9hw",
"modified": "2026-06-30T21:31:44Z",
"published": "2026-06-30T21:31:44Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-11806"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7277536"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CXRX-Q234-M22M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-12 09:31 – Updated: 2025-06-10 14:55A flaw was found in Quarkus-HTTP, which incorrectly parses cookies with certain value-delimiting characters in incoming requests. This issue could allow an attacker to construct a cookie value to exfiltrate HttpOnly cookie values or spoof arbitrary additional cookie values, leading to unauthorized data access or modification. The main threat from this flaw impacts data confidentiality and integrity.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "io.quarkus.http:quarkus-http-core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "5.3.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-12397"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-444"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-12-12T19:19:40Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-12-12T09:15:05Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A flaw was found in Quarkus-HTTP, which incorrectly parses cookies with certain value-delimiting characters in incoming requests. This issue could allow an attacker to construct a cookie value to exfiltrate HttpOnly cookie values or spoof arbitrary additional cookie values, leading to unauthorized data access or modification. The main threat from this flaw impacts data confidentiality and integrity.",
"id": "GHSA-cxrx-q234-m22m",
"modified": "2025-06-10T14:55:19Z",
"published": "2024-12-12T09:31:35Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-12397"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/quarkusio/quarkus-http/pull/170"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/quarkusio/quarkus-http/commit/cfc99d80fce2e3a3dbf06972e648e79e925a7ae7"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2025:0900"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2025:1082"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2025:3018"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2025:8761"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2024-12397"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2331298"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/quarkusio/quarkus-http"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "io.quarkus.http/quarkus-http-core: Quarkus HTTP Cookie Smuggling"
}
GHSA-F256-J965-7F32
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-03-30 15:10 – Updated: 2022-02-08 21:31Impact
The content-length header is not correctly validated if the request only use a single Http2HeaderFrame with the endStream set to to true. This could lead to request smuggling if the request is proxied to a remote peer and translated to HTTP/1.1
This is a followup of https://github.com/netty/netty/security/advisories/GHSA-wm47-8v5p-wjpj which did miss to fix this one case.
Patches
This was fixed as part of 4.1.61.Final
Workarounds
Validation can be done by the user before proxy the request by validating the header.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "io.netty:netty-codec-http2"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "4.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "4.1.61.Final"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c 4.0.0"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.jboss.netty:netty"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c 4.0.0"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "io.netty:netty"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-21409"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-444"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2021-03-30T15:03:26Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2021-03-30T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\nThe content-length header is not correctly validated if the request only use a single Http2HeaderFrame with the endStream set to to true. This could lead to request smuggling if the request is proxied to a remote peer and translated to HTTP/1.1\n\nThis is a followup of https://github.com/netty/netty/security/advisories/GHSA-wm47-8v5p-wjpj which did miss to fix this one case. \n\n### Patches\nThis was fixed as part of 4.1.61.Final\n\n### Workarounds\nValidation can be done by the user before proxy the request by validating the header.",
"id": "GHSA-f256-j965-7f32",
"modified": "2022-02-08T21:31:25Z",
"published": "2021-03-30T15:10:38Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/netty/netty/security/advisories/GHSA-f256-j965-7f32"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/netty/netty/security/advisories/GHSA-wm47-8v5p-wjpj"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-21409"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/netty/netty/commit/b0fa4d5aab4215f3c22ce6123dd8dd5f38dc0432"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/re39391adcb863f0e9f3f15e7986255948f263f02e4700b82453e7102@%3Cissues.zookeeper.apache.org%3E"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/re1911e05c08f3ec2bab85744d788773519a0afb27272a31ac2a0b4e8@%3Cnotifications.zookeeper.apache.org%3E"
},
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},
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{
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"summary": "Possible request smuggling in HTTP/2 due missing validation of content-length"
}
GHSA-F2JX-WR3J-25W5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:25 – Updated: 2022-10-07 18:16Apache HTTP Server versions 2.4.20 to 2.4.43. A specially crafted value for the 'Cache-Digest' header in a HTTP/2 request would result in a crash when the server actually tries to HTTP/2 PUSH a resource afterwards. Configuring the HTTP/2 feature via "H2Push off" will mitigate this vulnerability for unpatched servers.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-9490"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-444"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-08-07T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Apache HTTP Server versions 2.4.20 to 2.4.43. A specially crafted value for the \u0027Cache-Digest\u0027 header in a HTTP/2 request would result in a crash when the server actually tries to HTTP/2 PUSH a resource afterwards. Configuring the HTTP/2 feature via \"H2Push off\" will mitigate this vulnerability for unpatched servers.",
"id": "GHSA-f2jx-wr3j-25w5",
"modified": "2022-10-07T18:16:01Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:25:05Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-9490"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpuoct2020.html"
},
{
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"url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpujan2021.html"
},
{
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"url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2020/dsa-4757"
},
{
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"url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/4458-1"
},
{
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"url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20200814-0005"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202008-04"
},
{
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"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/ITVFDBVM6E3JF3O7RYLRPRCH3RDRHJJY"
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"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://httpd.apache.org/security/vulnerabilities_24.html#CVE-2020-9490"
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"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2020-08/msg00068.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2020-08/msg00071.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2020-10/msg00081.html"
},
{
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"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/160392/Apache-2.4.43-mod_http2-Memory-Corruption.html"
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"type": "CVSS_V3"
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]
}
Mitigation
Use a web server that employs a strict HTTP parsing procedure, such as Apache [REF-433].
Mitigation
Use only SSL communication.
Mitigation
Terminate the client session after each request.
Mitigation
Turn all pages to non-cacheable.
CAPEC-273: HTTP Response Smuggling
An adversary manipulates and injects malicious content in the form of secret unauthorized HTTP responses, into a single HTTP response from a vulnerable or compromised back-end HTTP agent (e.g., server).
See CanPrecede relationships for possible consequences.
CAPEC-33: HTTP Request Smuggling
An adversary abuses the flexibility and discrepancies in the parsing and interpretation of HTTP Request messages using various HTTP headers, request-line and body parameters as well as message sizes (denoted by the end of message signaled by a given HTTP header) by different intermediary HTTP agents (e.g., load balancer, reverse proxy, web caching proxies, application firewalls, etc.) to secretly send unauthorized and malicious HTTP requests to a back-end HTTP agent (e.g., web server).
See CanPrecede relationships for possible consequences.