Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-444
AllowedInconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete
The product acts as an intermediary HTTP agent (such as a proxy or firewall) in the data flow between two entities such as a client and server, but it does not interpret malformed HTTP requests or responses in ways that are consistent with how the messages will be processed by those entities that are at the ultimate destination.
625 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2025-12642 (GCVE-0-2025-12642)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-11-03 19:36 – Updated: 2025-11-03 19:44
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
HTTP Header Smuggling via Trailer Merge
Summary
lighttpd1.4.80 incorrectly merged trailer fields into headers after http request parsing. This behavior can be exploited to conduct HTTP Header Smuggling attacks.
Successful exploitation may allow an attacker to:
* Bypass access control rules
* Inject unsafe input into backend logic that trusts request headers
* Execute HTTP Request Smuggling attacks under some conditions
This issue affects lighttpd1.4.80
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-11-03 19:43 UTC
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
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CVE-2025-11915 (GCVE-0-2025-11915)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-22 09:13 – Updated: 2025-10-23 09:23 Exclusively Hosted Service
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
HTTP Desynchronisation in Vertex AI for certain third-party models
Summary
Connection desynchronization between an HTTP proxy and the model backend. The fixes were rolled out for all proxies in front of impacted models by 2025-09-28. Users do not need to take any action.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-10-22 13:54 UTC
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
3 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Google Cloud | Vertex AI: Partner Models for MaaS |
Affected:
0 , < 2025-09-26
(date)
|
|
| Google Cloud | Vertex AI: Open Models for MaaS |
Affected:
0 , < 2025-09-28
(date)
|
|
| Google Cloud | Vertex AI: Self-Deployed Models |
Affected:
0 , < 2025-09-28
(date)
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CVE-2025-6999 (GCVE-0-2025-6999)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-09-15 21:17 – Updated: 2026-08-10 15:26
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
WatchGuard Firebox Authentication Portal Request Smuggling Vulnerability
Summary
An HTTP Request Smuggling [CWE-444] vulnerability in the Authentication portal of WatchGuard Fireware OS allows a remote attacker to evade request parameter sanitation and perform a reflected self-Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) attack.
WatchGuard does not believe there is a practical exploit chain with a meaningful security impact for this vulnerability.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-09-16 15:21 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://psirt.watchguard.com/CVE-2025-6999 | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.watchguard.com/wgrd-psirt/advisory/wg… | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| WatchGuard | Fireware OS |
Affected:
12.0 , < 12.11.3
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:watchguard:fireware_os:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
Date Public
2025-09-15 21:17
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CVE-2025-6442 (GCVE-0-2025-6442)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-06-25 16:52 – Updated: 2025-06-25 20:42
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Ruby WEBrick read_header HTTP Request Smuggling Vulnerability
Summary
Ruby WEBrick read_header HTTP Request Smuggling Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to smuggle arbitrary HTTP requests on affected installations of Ruby WEBrick. This issue is exploitable when the product is deployed behind an HTTP proxy that fulfills specific conditions.
The specific flaw exists within the read_headers method. The issue results from the inconsistent parsing of terminators of HTTP headers. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to smuggle arbitrary HTTP requests. Was ZDI-CAN-21876.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-06-25 20:41 UTC
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-… | x_research-advisory |
| https://github.com/ruby/webrick/commit/ee60354bcb… | vendor-advisory |
Date Public
2025-06-23 14:00
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CVE-2025-4600 (GCVE-0-2025-4600)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-05-16 13:47 – Updated: 2025-09-08 09:48 Exclusively Hosted Service
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
HTTP Request Smuggling in Google Cloud Classic Application Load Balancer due to Improper Chunked Encoding Validation
Summary
A request smuggling vulnerability existed in the Google Cloud Classic Application Load Balancer due to improper handling of chunked-encoded HTTP requests. This allowed attackers to craft requests that could be misinterpreted by backend servers. The issue was fixed by disallowing stray data after a chunk, and is no longer exploitable. No action is required as Classic Application Load Balancer service after 2025-04-26 is not vulnerable.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-05-16 14:54 UTC
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Google Cloud | Classic Application Load Balancer |
Affected:
0
|
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CVE-2025-4366 (GCVE-0-2025-4366)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-05-22 15:50 – Updated: 2025-06-18 13:46
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Request Smuggling Vulnerability in Pingora
Summary
A request smuggling vulnerability identified within Pingora’s proxying framework, pingora-proxy, allows malicious HTTP requests to be injected via manipulated request bodies on cache HITs, leading to unauthorized request execution and potential cache poisoning.
Fixed in: https://github.com/cloudflare/pingora/commit/fda3317ec822678564d641e7cf1c9b77ee3759ff https://github.com/cloudflare/pingora/commit/fda3317ec822678564d641e7cf1c9b77ee3759ff
Impact: The issue could lead to request smuggling in cases where Pingora’s proxying framework, pingora-proxy, is used for caching allowing an attacker to manipulate headers and URLs in subsequent requests made on the same HTTP/1.1 connection.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-05-22 18:30 UTC
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
1 reference
Date Public
2025-05-22 15:11
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CVE-2025-3110 (GCVE-0-2025-3110)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-08 16:19 – Updated: 2026-07-08 16:30
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
OpenVPN Access Server 2.7.2 through 3.1.0 accepts bare line-feed sequences inside HTTP header values, allowing remote attackers to perform HTTP request smuggling when deployed behind a reverse proxy
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-08 16:29 UTC
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent interpretation of HTTP requests ('HTTP Request/Response smuggling')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://openvpn.net/as-docs/as-3-2-release-notes.html | release-notes |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| OpenVPN | Access Server |
Affected:
2.7.2 , ≤ 3.1.0
(semver)
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CVE-2025-1867 (GCVE-0-2025-1867)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-03-03 08:48 – Updated: 2025-03-03 16:32
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
HTTP Response Smuggling Vulnerability in libhv
Summary
Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling') vulnerability in ithewei libhv allows HTTP Response Smuggling.This issue affects libhv: through 1.3.3.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-03-03 16:32 UTC
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/ithewei/libhv/pull/689 | patch |
Date Public
2025-03-03 08:46
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CVE-2025-0752 (GCVE-0-2025-0752)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-01-28 09:29 – Updated: 2026-02-24 08:03
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Envoyproxy: openshift service mesh envoy http header sanitization bypass leading to dos and unauthorized access
Summary
A flaw was found in OpenShift Service Mesh 2.6.3 and 2.5.6. Rate-limiter avoidance, access-control bypass, CPU and memory exhaustion, and replay attacks may be possible due to improper HTTP header sanitization in Envoy.
Severity
7.1 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-01-28 14:35 UTC
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2025-0752 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2339115 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Affected:
2.6.3
(semver)
Affected: 2.5.6 (semver) |
|||
| Red Hat | OpenShift Service Mesh 2 |
cpe:/a:redhat:service_mesh:2
|
Date Public
2025-01-21 00:00
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CVE-2024-53868 (GCVE-0-2024-53868)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-03 08:59 – Updated: 2025-04-18 14:38
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Apache Traffic Server: Malformed chunked message body allows request smuggling
Summary
Apache Traffic Server allows request smuggling if chunked messages are malformed.
This issue affects Apache Traffic Server: from 9.2.0 through 9.2.9, from 10.0.0 through 10.0.4.
Users are recommended to upgrade to version 9.2.10 or 10.0.5, which fixes the issue.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-04-18 14:37 UTC
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
2 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apache Software Foundation | Apache Traffic Server |
Affected:
9.2.0 , ≤ 9.2.9
(semver)
Affected: 10.0.0 , ≤ 10.0.4 (semver) |
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Mitigation
Implementation
Use a web server that employs a strict HTTP parsing procedure, such as Apache [REF-433].
Mitigation
Implementation
Use only SSL communication.
Mitigation
Implementation
Terminate the client session after each request.
Mitigation
System Configuration
Turn all pages to non-cacheable.
CAPEC-273: HTTP Response Smuggling
An adversary manipulates and injects malicious content in the form of secret unauthorized HTTP responses, into a single HTTP response from a vulnerable or compromised back-end HTTP agent (e.g., server).
See CanPrecede relationships for possible consequences.
CAPEC-33: HTTP Request Smuggling
An adversary abuses the flexibility and discrepancies in the parsing and interpretation of HTTP Request messages using various HTTP headers, request-line and body parameters as well as message sizes (denoted by the end of message signaled by a given HTTP header) by different intermediary HTTP agents (e.g., load balancer, reverse proxy, web caching proxies, application firewalls, etc.) to secretly send unauthorized and malicious HTTP requests to a back-end HTTP agent (e.g., web server).
See CanPrecede relationships for possible consequences.