Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-416

Allowed

Use After Free

Abstraction: Variant · Status: Stable

The product reuses or references memory after it has been freed. At some point afterward, the memory may be allocated again and saved in another pointer, while the original pointer references a location somewhere within the new allocation. Any operations using the original pointer are no longer valid because the memory "belongs" to the code that operates on the new pointer.

9821 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-HFVW-FPHH-WH3W

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:47 – Updated: 2022-10-13 19:00
VLAI
Details

This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on vulnerable installations of Foxit Reader 9.4.1.16828. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file. The specific flaw exists within the removeField method when processing AcroForms. The issue results from the lack of validating the existence of an object prior to performing operations on the object. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-8163.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2019-6767"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-416"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2019-06-03T19:29:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on vulnerable installations of Foxit Reader 9.4.1.16828. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file. The specific flaw exists within the removeField method when processing AcroForms. The issue results from the lack of validating the existence of an object prior to performing operations on the object. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-8163.",
  "id": "GHSA-hfvw-fphh-wh3w",
  "modified": "2022-10-13T19:00:16Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T16:47:07Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-6767"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.foxitsoftware.com/support/security-bulletins.php"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-19-441"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-HFXQ-2WFW-XHV2

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:25 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:25
VLAI
Details

Use-after-free vulnerability in Google Chrome before 8.0.552.215 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service or possibly have unspecified other impact via vectors involving SVG animations.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2010-4492"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-416"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2010-12-07T21:00:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Use-after-free vulnerability in Google Chrome before 8.0.552.215 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service or possibly have unspecified other impact via vectors involving SVG animations.",
  "id": "GHSA-hfxq-2wfw-xhv2",
  "modified": "2022-05-13T01:25:02Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:25:02Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2010-4492"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://oval.cisecurity.org/repository/search/definition/oval%3Aorg.mitre.oval%3Adef%3A11475"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://code.google.com/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=62401"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://googlechromereleases.blogspot.com/2010/12/stable-beta-channel-updates.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2011-05/msg00005.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/42472"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.debian.org/security/2011/dsa-2188"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-HFXV-CG89-RC8F

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-10-19 12:00 – Updated: 2022-10-21 19:01
VLAI
Details

Memory corruption due to use after free in service while trying to access maps by different threads in Snapdragon Auto, Snapdragon Compute, Snapdragon Consumer IOT, Snapdragon Industrial IOT, Snapdragon Mobile, Snapdragon Wearables, Snapdragon Wired Infrastructure and Networking

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-25666"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-416"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-10-19T11:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Memory corruption due to use after free in service while trying to access maps by different threads in Snapdragon Auto, Snapdragon Compute, Snapdragon Consumer IOT, Snapdragon Industrial IOT, Snapdragon Mobile, Snapdragon Wearables, Snapdragon Wired Infrastructure and Networking",
  "id": "GHSA-hfxv-cg89-rc8f",
  "modified": "2022-10-21T19:01:17Z",
  "published": "2022-10-19T12:00:17Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-25666"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.qualcomm.com/company/product-security/bulletins/october-2022-bulletin"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-HG37-8M7V-X2RC

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 00:35 – Updated: 2022-05-17 00:35
VLAI
Details

Use-after-free vulnerability in fs/crypto/ in the Linux kernel before 4.10.7 allows local users to cause a denial of service (NULL pointer dereference) or possibly gain privileges by revoking keyring keys being used for ext4, f2fs, or ubifs encryption, causing cryptographic transform objects to be freed prematurely.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2017-7374"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-416",
      "CWE-476"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2017-03-31T20:59:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Use-after-free vulnerability in fs/crypto/ in the Linux kernel before 4.10.7 allows local users to cause a denial of service (NULL pointer dereference) or possibly gain privileges by revoking keyring keys being used for ext4, f2fs, or ubifs encryption, causing cryptographic transform objects to be freed prematurely.",
  "id": "GHSA-hg37-8m7v-x2rc",
  "modified": "2022-05-17T00:35:39Z",
  "published": "2022-05-17T00:35:39Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-7374"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/torvalds/linux/commit/1b53cf9815bb4744958d41f3795d5d5a1d365e2d"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/2017-10-01"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v4.x/ChangeLog-4.10.7"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=1b53cf9815bb4744958d41f3795d5d5a1d365e2d"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/97308"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-HG3R-958G-G8VQ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-09-28 18:30 – Updated: 2024-01-31 18:31
VLAI
Details

Use after free in Extensions in Google Chrome prior to 117.0.5938.132 allowed an attacker who convinced a user to install a malicious extension to potentially exploit heap corruption via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: High)

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-5187"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-416"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-09-28T16:15:10Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Use after free in Extensions in Google Chrome prior to 117.0.5938.132 allowed an attacker who convinced a user to install a malicious extension to potentially exploit heap corruption via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: High)",
  "id": "GHSA-hg3r-958g-g8vq",
  "modified": "2024-01-31T18:31:20Z",
  "published": "2023-09-28T18:30:45Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-5187"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2023/09/stable-channel-update-for-desktop_27.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://crbug.com/1475798"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/4MFWDFJSSIFKWKNOCTQCFUNZWAXUCSS4"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/CWEJYS5NC7KVFYU3OAMPKQDYN6JQGVK6"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/WTRUIS3564P7ZLM2S2IH4Y4KZ327LI4I"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202401-34"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2023/dsa-5508"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-HG7C-G9V2-4HP6

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:29 – Updated: 2022-05-14 03:29
VLAI
Details

While the IPA driver in Android for MSM, Firefox OS for MSM, and QRD Android before 2017-08-31 is processing IOCTL commands there is no mutex lock of allocated memory. If one thread sends an ioctl cmd IPA_IOC_QUERY_RT_TBL_INDEX while another sends an ioctl cmd IPA_IOC_DEL_RT_RULE, a use-after-free condition may occur.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2017-14877"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-416"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2018-03-30T21:29:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "While the IPA driver in Android for MSM, Firefox OS for MSM, and QRD Android before 2017-08-31 is processing IOCTL commands there is no mutex lock of allocated memory. If one thread sends an ioctl cmd IPA_IOC_QUERY_RT_TBL_INDEX while another sends an ioctl cmd IPA_IOC_DEL_RT_RULE, a use-after-free condition may occur.",
  "id": "GHSA-hg7c-g9v2-4hp6",
  "modified": "2022-05-14T03:29:28Z",
  "published": "2022-05-14T03:29:28Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-14877"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/pixel/2018-02-01"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://source.codeaurora.org/quic/la/kernel/msm-3.10/commit/?id=ca395c15c49cf6463a39d197b6a9331d183d94cb"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-HG7F-JJ55-6XCF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-07-16 15:30 – Updated: 2024-07-24 18:31
VLAI
Details

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

Bluetooth: hci_core: Fix leaking sent_cmd skb

sent_cmd memory is not freed before freeing hci_dev causing it to leak it contents.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-48844"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-416"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-07-16T13:15:11Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nBluetooth: hci_core: Fix leaking sent_cmd skb\n\nsent_cmd memory is not freed before freeing hci_dev causing it to leak\nit contents.",
  "id": "GHSA-hg7f-jj55-6xcf",
  "modified": "2024-07-24T18:31:16Z",
  "published": "2024-07-16T15:30:48Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-48844"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3679ccc09d8806686d579095ed504e045af7f7d6"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9473d06bd1c8da49eafb685aa95a290290c672dd"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/dd3b1dc3dd050f1f47cd13e300732852414270f8"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-HG7F-VXWW-GM23

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-03-29 21:30 – Updated: 2023-04-05 15:30
VLAI
Details

This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of Bentley MicroStation CONNECT 10.16.02.034. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file. The specific flaw exists within the parsing of SKP files. The issue results from the lack of validating the existence of an object prior to performing operations on the object. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-16339.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-28310"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-416"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-03-29T19:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of Bentley MicroStation CONNECT 10.16.02.034. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file. The specific flaw exists within the parsing of SKP files. The issue results from the lack of validating the existence of an object prior to performing operations on the object. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-16339.",
  "id": "GHSA-hg7f-vxww-gm23",
  "modified": "2023-04-05T15:30:25Z",
  "published": "2023-03-29T21:30:21Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-28310"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.bentley.com/en/common-vulnerability-exposure/be-2022-0009"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-22-590"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-HG84-96PH-3RR9

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-29 00:38 – Updated: 2026-05-29 12:31
VLAI
Details

Use after free in DOM in Google Chrome prior to 148.0.7778.216 allowed a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code inside a sandbox via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: High)

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-10016"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-416"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-05-28T23:16:43Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Use after free in DOM in Google Chrome prior to 148.0.7778.216 allowed a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code inside a sandbox via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: High)",
  "id": "GHSA-hg84-96ph-3rr9",
  "modified": "2026-05-29T12:31:24Z",
  "published": "2026-05-29T00:38:34Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-10016"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2026/05/stable-channel-update-for-desktop_0877304591.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://issues.chromium.org/issues/515155946"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-HG9W-RXWP-FW28

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-14 18:30 – Updated: 2026-03-18 15:30
VLAI
Details

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

binder: fix UAF in binder_netlink_report()

Oneway transactions sent to frozen targets via binder_proc_transaction() return a BR_TRANSACTION_PENDING_FROZEN error but they are still treated as successful since the target is expected to thaw at some point. It is then not safe to access 't' after BR_TRANSACTION_PENDING_FROZEN errors as the transaction could have been consumed by the now thawed target.

This is the case for binder_netlink_report() which derreferences 't' after a pending frozen error, as pointed out by the following KASAN report:

================================================================== BUG: KASAN: slab-use-after-free in binder_netlink_report.isra.0+0x694/0x6c8 Read of size 8 at addr ffff00000f98ba38 by task binder-util/522

CPU: 4 UID: 0 PID: 522 Comm: binder-util Not tainted 6.19.0-rc6-00015-gc03e9c42ae8f #1 PREEMPT Hardware name: linux,dummy-virt (DT) Call trace: binder_netlink_report.isra.0+0x694/0x6c8 binder_transaction+0x66e4/0x79b8 binder_thread_write+0xab4/0x4440 binder_ioctl+0x1fd4/0x2940 [...]

Allocated by task 522: __kmalloc_cache_noprof+0x17c/0x50c binder_transaction+0x584/0x79b8 binder_thread_write+0xab4/0x4440 binder_ioctl+0x1fd4/0x2940 [...]

Freed by task 488: kfree+0x1d0/0x420 binder_free_transaction+0x150/0x234 binder_thread_read+0x2d08/0x3ce4 binder_ioctl+0x488/0x2940 [...] ==================================================================

Instead, make a transaction copy so the data can be safely accessed by binder_netlink_report() after a pending frozen error. While here, add a comment about not using t->buffer in binder_netlink_report().

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-23184"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-416"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-02-14T17:15:56Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nbinder: fix UAF in binder_netlink_report()\n\nOneway transactions sent to frozen targets via binder_proc_transaction()\nreturn a BR_TRANSACTION_PENDING_FROZEN error but they are still treated\nas successful since the target is expected to thaw at some point. It is\nthen not safe to access \u0027t\u0027 after BR_TRANSACTION_PENDING_FROZEN errors\nas the transaction could have been consumed by the now thawed target.\n\nThis is the case for binder_netlink_report() which derreferences \u0027t\u0027\nafter a pending frozen error, as pointed out by the following KASAN\nreport:\n\n  ==================================================================\n  BUG: KASAN: slab-use-after-free in binder_netlink_report.isra.0+0x694/0x6c8\n  Read of size 8 at addr ffff00000f98ba38 by task binder-util/522\n\n  CPU: 4 UID: 0 PID: 522 Comm: binder-util Not tainted 6.19.0-rc6-00015-gc03e9c42ae8f #1 PREEMPT\n  Hardware name: linux,dummy-virt (DT)\n  Call trace:\n   binder_netlink_report.isra.0+0x694/0x6c8\n   binder_transaction+0x66e4/0x79b8\n   binder_thread_write+0xab4/0x4440\n   binder_ioctl+0x1fd4/0x2940\n   [...]\n\n  Allocated by task 522:\n   __kmalloc_cache_noprof+0x17c/0x50c\n   binder_transaction+0x584/0x79b8\n   binder_thread_write+0xab4/0x4440\n   binder_ioctl+0x1fd4/0x2940\n   [...]\n\n  Freed by task 488:\n   kfree+0x1d0/0x420\n   binder_free_transaction+0x150/0x234\n   binder_thread_read+0x2d08/0x3ce4\n   binder_ioctl+0x488/0x2940\n   [...]\n  ==================================================================\n\nInstead, make a transaction copy so the data can be safely accessed by\nbinder_netlink_report() after a pending frozen error. While here, add a\ncomment about not using t-\u003ebuffer in binder_netlink_report().",
  "id": "GHSA-hg9w-rxwp-fw28",
  "modified": "2026-03-18T15:30:41Z",
  "published": "2026-02-14T18:30:16Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-23184"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/5e8a3d01544282e50d887d76f30d1496a0a53562"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a6050dedb6f1cc23e518e3a132ab74a0aad6df90"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Language Selection

Choose a language that provides automatic memory management.

Mitigation
Implementation

Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction

When freeing pointers, be sure to set them to NULL once they are freed. However, the utilization of multiple or complex data structures may lower the usefulness of this strategy.

No CAPEC attack patterns related to this CWE.