CWE-362
Allowed-with-ReviewConcurrent Execution using Shared Resource with Improper Synchronization ('Race Condition')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product contains a concurrent code sequence that requires temporary, exclusive access to a shared resource, but a timing window exists in which the shared resource can be modified by another code sequence operating concurrently.
2907 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-R3MV-RFX2-RF55
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-02 03:23 – Updated: 2022-05-02 03:23Race condition in the HFS vfs sysctl interface in XNU 1228.8.20 and earlier on Apple Mac OS X 10.5.6 and earlier allows local users to cause a denial of service (kernel memory corruption) by simultaneously executing the same HFS_SET_PKG_EXTENSIONS code path in multiple threads, which is problematic because of lack of mutex locking for an unspecified global variable.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2009-1238"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-362"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2009-04-02T17:30:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Race condition in the HFS vfs sysctl interface in XNU 1228.8.20 and earlier on Apple Mac OS X 10.5.6 and earlier allows local users to cause a denial of service (kernel memory corruption) by simultaneously executing the same HFS_SET_PKG_EXTENSIONS code path in multiple threads, which is problematic because of lack of mutex locking for an unspecified global variable.",
"id": "GHSA-r3mv-rfx2-rf55",
"modified": "2022-05-02T03:23:05Z",
"published": "2022-05-02T03:23:04Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2009-1238"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/8265"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/34424"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.digit-labs.org/files/exploits/xnu-vfssysctl-dos.c"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.informationweek.com/news/hardware/mac/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=216401181"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/34202"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-R3PW-96WV-8PJ5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-20 12:30 – Updated: 2025-01-14 18:31In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
platform/chrome: cros_ec_uart: properly fix race condition
The cros_ec_uart_probe() function calls devm_serdev_device_open() before it calls serdev_device_set_client_ops(). This can trigger a NULL pointer dereference:
BUG: kernel NULL pointer dereference, address: 0000000000000000
...
Call Trace:
<TASK>
...
? ttyport_receive_buf
A simplified version of crashing code is as follows:
static inline size_t serdev_controller_receive_buf(struct serdev_controller *ctrl,
const u8 *data,
size_t count)
{
struct serdev_device *serdev = ctrl->serdev;
if (!serdev || !serdev->ops->receive_buf) // CRASH!
return 0;
return serdev->ops->receive_buf(serdev, data, count);
}
It assumes that if SERPORT_ACTIVE is set and serdev exists, serdev->ops will also exist. This conflicts with the existing cros_ec_uart_probe() logic, as it first calls devm_serdev_device_open() (which sets SERPORT_ACTIVE), and only later sets serdev->ops via serdev_device_set_client_ops().
Commit 01f95d42b8f4 ("platform/chrome: cros_ec_uart: fix race condition") attempted to fix a similar race condition, but while doing so, made the window of error for this race condition to happen much wider.
Attempt to fix the race condition again, making sure we fully setup before calling devm_serdev_device_open().
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-35977"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-362"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-05-20T10:15:12Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nplatform/chrome: cros_ec_uart: properly fix race condition\n\nThe cros_ec_uart_probe() function calls devm_serdev_device_open() before\nit calls serdev_device_set_client_ops(). This can trigger a NULL pointer\ndereference:\n\n BUG: kernel NULL pointer dereference, address: 0000000000000000\n ...\n Call Trace:\n \u003cTASK\u003e\n ...\n ? ttyport_receive_buf\n\nA simplified version of crashing code is as follows:\n\n static inline size_t serdev_controller_receive_buf(struct serdev_controller *ctrl,\n const u8 *data,\n size_t count)\n {\n struct serdev_device *serdev = ctrl-\u003eserdev;\n\n if (!serdev || !serdev-\u003eops-\u003ereceive_buf) // CRASH!\n return 0;\n\n return serdev-\u003eops-\u003ereceive_buf(serdev, data, count);\n }\n\nIt assumes that if SERPORT_ACTIVE is set and serdev exists, serdev-\u003eops\nwill also exist. This conflicts with the existing cros_ec_uart_probe()\nlogic, as it first calls devm_serdev_device_open() (which sets\nSERPORT_ACTIVE), and only later sets serdev-\u003eops via\nserdev_device_set_client_ops().\n\nCommit 01f95d42b8f4 (\"platform/chrome: cros_ec_uart: fix race\ncondition\") attempted to fix a similar race condition, but while doing\nso, made the window of error for this race condition to happen much\nwider.\n\nAttempt to fix the race condition again, making sure we fully setup\nbefore calling devm_serdev_device_open().",
"id": "GHSA-r3pw-96wv-8pj5",
"modified": "2025-01-14T18:31:49Z",
"published": "2024-05-20T12:30:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-35977"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/5e700b384ec13f5bcac9855cb28fcc674f1d3593"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9e9bb74a93b7daa32313ccaefd0edc529d40daf8"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/cfd758041d8b79aa8c3f811b6bd6105379f2f702"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-R3QP-23XX-VPHJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 03:59 – Updated: 2022-05-17 03:59Race condition in the lockscreen feature in Mozilla Firefox OS before 2.5 allows physically proximate attackers to bypass an intended passcode requirement via unspecified vectors.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2015-8511"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-362"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2016-01-09T02:59:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Race condition in the lockscreen feature in Mozilla Firefox OS before 2.5 allows physically proximate attackers to bypass an intended passcode requirement via unspecified vectors.",
"id": "GHSA-r3qp-23xx-vphj",
"modified": "2022-05-17T03:59:50Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T03:59:50Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2015-8511"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1173284"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.mozilla.org/security/announce/2015/mfsa2015-152.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:P/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-R3W6-85FH-VQFQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:47 – Updated: 2022-05-24 16:47Insufficient password protection in the attestation database for Open CIT may allow an authenticated user to potentially enable information disclosure via local access.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-0178"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-362",
"CWE-522"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-06-13T16:29:00Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "Insufficient password protection in the attestation database for Open CIT may allow an authenticated user to potentially enable information disclosure via local access.",
"id": "GHSA-r3w6-85fh-vqfq",
"modified": "2022-05-24T16:47:58Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:47:58Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-0178"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/security-center/advisory/in"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/security-center/advisory/intel-sa-00248.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-R3XF-V29W-FXC6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-07-09 21:30 – Updated: 2024-07-12 18:31In _UnrefAndMaybeDestroy of pmr.c, there is a possible arbitrary code execution due to a race condition. This could lead to local escalation of privilege in the kernel with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-34724"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-362",
"CWE-368"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-07-09T21:15:14Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In _UnrefAndMaybeDestroy of pmr.c, there is a possible arbitrary code execution due to a race condition. This could lead to local escalation of privilege in the kernel with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.",
"id": "GHSA-r3xf-v29w-fxc6",
"modified": "2024-07-12T18:31:47Z",
"published": "2024-07-09T21:30:39Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-34724"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/2024-07-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-R44M-X4HW-7WJR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 05:24 – Updated: 2025-01-21 21:30** DISPUTED ** Race condition in VIPRE Antivirus Premium 4.0.3272 on Windows XP allows local users to bypass kernel-mode hook handlers, and execute dangerous code that would otherwise be blocked by a handler but not blocked by signature-based malware detection, via certain user-space memory changes during hook-handler execution, aka an argument-switch attack or a KHOBE attack. NOTE: this issue is disputed by some third parties because it is a flaw in a protection mechanism for situations where a crafted program has already begun to execute.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2010-5181"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-362"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2012-08-25T21:55:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "** DISPUTED ** Race condition in VIPRE Antivirus Premium 4.0.3272 on Windows XP allows local users to bypass kernel-mode hook handlers, and execute dangerous code that would otherwise be blocked by a handler but not blocked by signature-based malware detection, via certain user-space memory changes during hook-handler execution, aka an argument-switch attack or a KHOBE attack. NOTE: this issue is disputed by some third parties because it is a flaw in a protection mechanism for situations where a crafted program has already begun to execute.",
"id": "GHSA-r44m-x4hw-7wjr",
"modified": "2025-01-21T21:30:42Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T05:24:47Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2010-5181"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/bugtraq/2010-05/0026.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/fulldisclosure/2010-05/0066.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://countermeasures.trendmicro.eu/you-just-cant-trust-a-drunk"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://matousec.com/info/advisories/khobe-8.0-earthquake-for-windows-desktop-security-software.php"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://matousec.com/info/articles/khobe-8.0-earthquake-for-windows-desktop-security-software.php"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.f-secure.com/weblog/archives/00001949.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.osvdb.org/67660"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/39924"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/05/07/argument_switch_av_bypass"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-R47F-52CF-34C7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-11-18 00:30 – Updated: 2022-11-22 18:30The Zoom Client for Meetings Installer for macOS (Standard and for IT Admin) before version 5.12.6 contains a local privilege escalation vulnerability. A local low-privileged user could exploit this vulnerability during the install process to escalate their privileges to root.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-28768"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-362"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-11-17T23:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The Zoom Client for Meetings Installer for macOS (Standard and for IT Admin) before version 5.12.6 contains a local privilege escalation vulnerability. A local low-privileged user could exploit this vulnerability during the install process to escalate their privileges to root.",
"id": "GHSA-r47f-52cf-34c7",
"modified": "2022-11-22T18:30:15Z",
"published": "2022-11-18T00:30:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-28768"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://explore.zoom.us/en/trust/security/security-bulletin"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-R4F6-VJWC-9238
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-02 00:02 – Updated: 2022-05-02 00:02The Postfix configuration file in Mac OS X 10.5.5 causes Postfix to be network-accessible when mail is sent from a local command-line tool, which allows remote attackers to send mail to local Mac OS X users.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2008-3646"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-362"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2008-10-10T10:30:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Postfix configuration file in Mac OS X 10.5.5 causes Postfix to be network-accessible when mail is sent from a local command-line tool, which allows remote attackers to send mail to local Mac OS X users.",
"id": "GHSA-r4f6-vjwc-9238",
"modified": "2022-05-02T00:02:20Z",
"published": "2022-05-02T00:02:20Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-3646"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/45876"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.apple.com/archives/security-announce/2008/Oct/msg00001.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/32222"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://support.apple.com/kb/HT3216"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/31681"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/31721"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.vupen.com/english/advisories/2008/2780"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-R4V9-V8C5-298P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-09 15:32 – Updated: 2025-11-04 00:31In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
lib/generic-radix-tree.c: Fix rare race in __genradix_ptr_alloc()
If we need to increase the tree depth, allocate a new node, and then race with another thread that increased the tree depth before us, we'll still have a preallocated node that might be used later.
If we then use that node for a new non-root node, it'll still have a pointer to the old root instead of being zeroed - fix this by zeroing it in the cmpxchg failure path.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-47668"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-362"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-10-09T15:15:15Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nlib/generic-radix-tree.c: Fix rare race in __genradix_ptr_alloc()\n\nIf we need to increase the tree depth, allocate a new node, and then\nrace with another thread that increased the tree depth before us, we\u0027ll\nstill have a preallocated node that might be used later.\n\nIf we then use that node for a new non-root node, it\u0027ll still have a\npointer to the old root instead of being zeroed - fix this by zeroing it\nin the cmpxchg failure path.",
"id": "GHSA-r4v9-v8c5-298p",
"modified": "2025-11-04T00:31:33Z",
"published": "2024-10-09T15:32:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-47668"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/0f078f8ca93b28a34e20bd050f12cd4efeee7c0f"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/0f27f4f445390cb7f73d4209cb2bf32834dc53da"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/99418ec776a39609f50934720419e0b464ca2283"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ad5ee9feebc2eb8cfc76ed74a2d6e55343b0e169"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/b2f11c6f3e1fc60742673b8675c95b78447f3dae"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d942e855324a60107025c116245095632476613e"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ebeff038744c498a036e7a92eb8e433ae0a386d7"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/01/msg00001.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-R4VG-GJP9-3685
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:52 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:52An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.3 is affected. macOS before 10.13.4 is affected. tvOS before 11.3 is affected. watchOS before 4.3 is affected. The issue involves the "File System Events" component. A race condition allows attackers to execute arbitrary code in a privileged context via a crafted app.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-4167"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-362"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-04-03T06:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.3 is affected. macOS before 10.13.4 is affected. tvOS before 11.3 is affected. watchOS before 4.3 is affected. The issue involves the \"File System Events\" component. A race condition allows attackers to execute arbitrary code in a privileged context via a crafted app.",
"id": "GHSA-r4vg-gjp9-3685",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:52:38Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:52:38Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-4167"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/HT208692"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/HT208693"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/HT208696"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/HT208698"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1040604"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1040608"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
In languages that support it, use synchronization primitives. Only wrap these around critical code to minimize the impact on performance.
Mitigation
Use thread-safe capabilities such as the data access abstraction in Spring.
Mitigation
- Minimize the usage of shared resources in order to remove as much complexity as possible from the control flow and to reduce the likelihood of unexpected conditions occurring.
- Additionally, this will minimize the amount of synchronization necessary and may even help to reduce the likelihood of a denial of service where an attacker may be able to repeatedly trigger a critical section (CWE-400).
Mitigation
When using multithreading and operating on shared variables, only use thread-safe functions.
Mitigation
Use atomic operations on shared variables. Be wary of innocent-looking constructs such as "x++". This may appear atomic at the code layer, but it is actually non-atomic at the instruction layer, since it involves a read, followed by a computation, followed by a write.
Mitigation
Use a mutex if available, but be sure to avoid related weaknesses such as CWE-412.
Mitigation
Avoid double-checked locking (CWE-609) and other implementation errors that arise when trying to avoid the overhead of synchronization.
Mitigation
Disable interrupts or signals over critical parts of the code, but also make sure that the code does not go into a large or infinite loop.
Mitigation
Use the volatile type modifier for critical variables to avoid unexpected compiler optimization or reordering. This does not necessarily solve the synchronization problem, but it can help.
Mitigation MIT-17
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
CAPEC-26: Leveraging Race Conditions
The adversary targets a race condition occurring when multiple processes access and manipulate the same resource concurrently, and the outcome of the execution depends on the particular order in which the access takes place. The adversary can leverage a race condition by "running the race", modifying the resource and modifying the normal execution flow. For instance, a race condition can occur while accessing a file: the adversary can trick the system by replacing the original file with their version and cause the system to read the malicious file.
CAPEC-29: Leveraging Time-of-Check and Time-of-Use (TOCTOU) Race Conditions
This attack targets a race condition occurring between the time of check (state) for a resource and the time of use of a resource. A typical example is file access. The adversary can leverage a file access race condition by "running the race", meaning that they would modify the resource between the first time the target program accesses the file and the time the target program uses the file. During that period of time, the adversary could replace or modify the file, causing the application to behave unexpectedly.