CWE-290
AllowedAuthentication Bypass by Spoofing
Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete
This attack-focused weakness is caused by incorrectly implemented authentication schemes that are subject to spoofing attacks.
927 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-C7X4-6HWF-WH7W
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:46 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:46An issue was discovered in Veritas NetBackup 8.0 and earlier and NetBackup Appliance 3.0 and earlier. Hostname-based security is open to DNS spoofing.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-6405"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-290"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-03-02T06:59:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in Veritas NetBackup 8.0 and earlier and NetBackup Appliance 3.0 and earlier. Hostname-based security is open to DNS spoofing.",
"id": "GHSA-c7x4-6hwf-wh7w",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:46:33Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:46:33Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-6405"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.veritas.com/content/support/en_US/security/VTS17-003.html#Issue7"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/96488"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-C83P-M9MW-Q96Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-11-28 18:30 – Updated: 2024-09-16 18:31Velneo vClient on its 28.1.3 version, could allow an attacker with knowledge of the victims's username and hashed password to spoof the victim's id against the server.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-45036"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287",
"CWE-290",
"CWE-836"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-11-28T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Velneo vClient on its 28.1.3 version, could allow an attacker with knowledge of the victims\u0027s username and hashed password to spoof the victim\u0027s id against the server.",
"id": "GHSA-c83p-m9mw-q96q",
"modified": "2024-09-16T18:31:17Z",
"published": "2022-11-28T18:30:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-45036"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://doc.velneo.com/v/32/velneo-vserver/funcionalidades/protocolo-vatps"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://doc.velneo.com/v/32/velneo/funcionalidades-comunes/conexion-con-velneo-vserver"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://doc.velneo.com/v/32/velneo/notas-de-la-version#a-partir-de-esta-version-todos-los-servidores-arrancaran-con-protocolo-vatps"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://doc.velneo.com/v/32/velneo/notas-de-la-version#mejoras-de-seguridad-en-validacion-de-usuario-y-contrasena"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://velneo.es/mivelneo/listado-de-cambios-velneo-32"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.incibe-cert.es/en/early-warning/security-advisories/velneo-vclient-improper-authentication-0"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.incibe.es/en/incibe-cert/notices/aviso/velneo-vclient-improper-authentication-0"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.velneo.com/blog/disponible-la-nueva-version-velneo-32"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-C97R-MFF8-694V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-15 12:32 – Updated: 2026-06-15 12:32The Wertheim SafeController Software, AssemblyVersion 6.15.8328.28014, contains an IP restriction bypass vulnerability in the login process. The application restricts user logins based on the IP address associated with a branch location, but the client IP address is derived from the HTTP X-Forwarded-For header when that header is present. An attacker with valid branch user credentials can manipulate the X-Forwarded-For header during login to spoof the expected branch IP address and obtain a valid authenticated session from an unauthorized network location.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-34025"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-290"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-15T12:16:24Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Wertheim SafeController Software, AssemblyVersion 6.15.8328.28014, contains an IP restriction bypass vulnerability in the login process. The application restricts user logins based on the IP address associated with a branch location, but the client IP address is derived from the HTTP X-Forwarded-For header when that header is present. An attacker with valid branch user credentials can manipulate the X-Forwarded-For header during login to spoof the expected branch IP address and obtain a valid authenticated session from an unauthorized network location.",
"id": "GHSA-c97r-mff8-694v",
"modified": "2026-06-15T12:32:45Z",
"published": "2026-06-15T12:32:44Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-34025"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://r.sec-consult.com/wertheim"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wertheim-safes.com/safe-deposit-box-management"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-C9G7-W3C8-9989
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-26 13:30 – Updated: 2026-05-26 13:30Soroush IM Desktop App 0.17.0 contains an authentication bypass vulnerability that allows local attackers to remove passcodes by injecting pre-encrypted database entries using a constant encryption key. Attackers can inject malicious database records into the application's database files to unlock the client and access all stored data, chats, images, and files without knowing the original passcode.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-25361"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-290"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-25T15:16:18Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Soroush IM Desktop App 0.17.0 contains an authentication bypass vulnerability that allows local attackers to remove passcodes by injecting pre-encrypted database entries using a constant encryption key. Attackers can inject malicious database records into the application\u0027s database files to unlock the client and access all stored data, chats, images, and files without knowing the original passcode.",
"id": "GHSA-c9g7-w3c8-9989",
"modified": "2026-05-26T13:30:43Z",
"published": "2026-05-26T13:30:43Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-25361"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://soroush-app.ir"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/45171"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/soroush-im-desktop-app-authentication-bypass-via-database-injection"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://54.36.43.176/SoroushSetup0.17.0.exe"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-CCCF-VFHH-2VVP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-29 18:31 – Updated: 2025-05-29 21:31An issue in Open Network Foundation ONOS v2.7.0 allows attackers to create fake IP/MAC addresses and potentially execute a man-in-the-middle attack on communications between fake and real hosts.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-41591"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-290"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-29T18:15:23Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "An issue in Open Network Foundation ONOS v2.7.0 allows attackers to create fake IP/MAC addresses and potentially execute a man-in-the-middle attack on communications between fake and real hosts.",
"id": "GHSA-cccf-vfhh-2vvp",
"modified": "2025-05-29T21:31:37Z",
"published": "2025-05-29T18:31:20Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-41591"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gist.github.com/kjw6855/9764e3f51b89119473e4d2c4f64dca27"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wiki.onosproject.org/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=16122675"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CCG9-9WJX-8536
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-06-19 18:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 04:57Vulnerability of spoofing trustlists of Huawei desktop.Successful exploitation of this vulnerability can cause third-party apps to hide app icons on the desktop to prevent them from being uninstalled.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-34160"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-290"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-06-19T17:15:12Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Vulnerability of spoofing trustlists of Huawei desktop.Successful exploitation of this vulnerability can cause third-party apps to hide app icons on the desktop to prevent them from being uninstalled.",
"id": "GHSA-ccg9-9wjx-8536",
"modified": "2024-04-04T04:57:51Z",
"published": "2023-06-19T18:30:48Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-34160"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://consumer.huawei.com/en/support/bulletin/2023/6"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CG43-3Q5J-MWP7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-02-07 18:31 – Updated: 2025-02-07 18:31A vulnerability has been found in D-Link DHP-W310AV 1.04 and classified as critical. This vulnerability affects unknown code. The manipulation leads to authentication bypass by spoofing. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-1104"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287",
"CWE-290"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-02-07T17:15:31Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability has been found in D-Link DHP-W310AV 1.04 and classified as critical. This vulnerability affects unknown code. The manipulation leads to authentication bypass by spoofing. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.",
"id": "GHSA-cg43-3q5j-mwp7",
"modified": "2025-02-07T18:31:23Z",
"published": "2025-02-07T18:31:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-1104"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/kn1g78/cve/blob/main/dlink.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.294934"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.294934"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.489958"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.dlink.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-CGXF-X59W-2X25
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-30 21:31 – Updated: 2026-06-30 21:31FUXA versions 1.3.1 and prior contain an authentication bypass vulnerability via dot-segment path normalization in the REST API. The API router fails to normalize dot-segment sequences before applying authentication middleware, allowing unauthenticated requests to access protected endpoints by prefixing paths with dot-segments such as /api/./users, /api/./roles, and /api/project/../users. These requests bypass authentication checks and return sensitive user and role data without credentials.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-13207"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-290"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-30T21:16:30Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "FUXA versions 1.3.1 and prior contain an authentication bypass vulnerability via dot-segment path normalization in the REST API. The API router fails to normalize dot-segment sequences before applying authentication middleware, allowing unauthenticated requests to access protected endpoints by prefixing paths with dot-segments such as /api/./users, /api/./roles, and /api/project/../users. These requests bypass authentication checks and return sensitive user and role data without credentials.",
"id": "GHSA-cgxf-x59w-2x25",
"modified": "2026-06-30T21:31:45Z",
"published": "2026-06-30T21:31:45Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-13207"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/cisagov/CSAF/blob/develop/csaf_files/OT/white/2026/icsa-26-181-02.json"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/frangoteam/FUXA/releases"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-26-181-02"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-CHG8-G9J3-VRQ2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:32 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:32IBM Resilient SOAR V38.0 could allow an attacker on the internal net work to provide the server with a spoofed source IP address. IBM X-Force ID: 190567.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-4864"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-290"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-10-29T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "IBM Resilient SOAR V38.0 could allow an attacker on the internal net work to provide the server with a spoofed source IP address. IBM X-Force ID: 190567.",
"id": "GHSA-chg8-g9j3-vrq2",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:32:42Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:32:42Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-4864"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/190567"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/6356441"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-CHM2-M3W2-WCXM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-17 22:56 – Updated: 2026-02-17 22:56Summary
Google Chat allowlisting supports matching by sender email in addition to immutable sender resource name (users/<id>). This weakens identity binding if a deployment assumes allowlists are strictly keyed by immutable principals.
Affected Packages / Versions
(As of 2026-02-14; based on latest published npm versions)
- openclaw (npm): <= 2026.2.13
- clawdbot (npm): <= 2026.1.24-3
Details
Affected component:
- extensions/googlechat/src/monitor.ts
The allowFrom checks accept:
- Immutable sender id (users/<id>)
- Raw email (alice@example.com) for usability
Historically, users/<email> was also treated as an email allowlist entry. This is now deprecated because it looks like an immutable ID but is actually a mutable principal.
Security Triage (2026-02-14)
Severity: Low
Rationale:
- Requests are authenticated as coming from Google Chat (token verification), so this is not a generic unauthenticated spoofing vector.
- A realistic exploit generally requires Google Workspace / IdP administrative control over identity lifecycle (e.g. reassigning an email address to a different underlying account) to obtain the same email with a different users/<id>.
- With that level of access, the attacker typically has broader compromise paths.
We still treat it as a valid defense-in-depth report because accepting mutable principals in authorization decisions can increase risk in chained-failure scenarios.
Remediation / Behavior Changes
Goal: preserve usability while reducing footguns.
- Raw email allowlists remain supported.
- users/<email> is deprecated and treated as a user id, not as an email allowlist.
- Documentation recommends users/<id> when strict immutable binding is required.
Fix Commit(s)
c8424bf29a921e25663b29f308640b3d91a49432(PR #16243)
Thanks @vincentkoc for reporting.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "openclaw"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2026.2.14"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "clawdbot"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "2026.1.24-3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-290",
"CWE-863"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-02-17T22:56:39Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "### Summary\nGoogle Chat allowlisting supports matching by sender email in addition to immutable sender resource name (`users/\u003cid\u003e`). This weakens identity binding if a deployment assumes allowlists are strictly keyed by immutable principals.\n\n### Affected Packages / Versions\n(As of 2026-02-14; based on latest published npm versions)\n- `openclaw` (npm): `\u003c= 2026.2.13`\n- `clawdbot` (npm): `\u003c= 2026.1.24-3`\n\n### Details\nAffected component:\n- `extensions/googlechat/src/monitor.ts`\n\nThe `allowFrom` checks accept:\n- Immutable sender id (`users/\u003cid\u003e`)\n- Raw email (`alice@example.com`) for usability\n\nHistorically, `users/\u003cemail\u003e` was also treated as an email allowlist entry. This is now deprecated because it looks like an immutable ID but is actually a mutable principal.\n\n### Security Triage (2026-02-14)\nSeverity: **Low**\n\nRationale:\n- Requests are authenticated as coming from Google Chat (token verification), so this is not a generic unauthenticated spoofing vector.\n- A realistic exploit generally requires **Google Workspace / IdP administrative control** over identity lifecycle (e.g. reassigning an email address to a different underlying account) to obtain the same email with a different `users/\u003cid\u003e`.\n- With that level of access, the attacker typically has broader compromise paths.\n\nWe still treat it as a valid defense-in-depth report because accepting mutable principals in authorization decisions can increase risk in chained-failure scenarios.\n\n### Remediation / Behavior Changes\nGoal: preserve usability while reducing footguns.\n- Raw email allowlists remain supported.\n- `users/\u003cemail\u003e` is deprecated and treated as a **user id**, not as an email allowlist.\n- Documentation recommends `users/\u003cid\u003e` when strict immutable binding is required.\n\n### Fix Commit(s)\n- `c8424bf29a921e25663b29f308640b3d91a49432` (PR #16243)\n\nThanks @vincentkoc for reporting.",
"id": "GHSA-chm2-m3w2-wcxm",
"modified": "2026-02-17T22:56:39Z",
"published": "2026-02-17T22:56:39Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-chm2-m3w2-wcxm"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/pull/16243"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/c8424bf29a921e25663b29f308640b3d91a49432"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/releases/tag/v2026.2.14"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:H/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "OpenClaw Google Chat spoofing access with allowlist authorized mutable email principal despite sender-ID mismatch"
}
No mitigation information available for this CWE.
CAPEC-21: Exploitation of Trusted Identifiers
An adversary guesses, obtains, or "rides" a trusted identifier (e.g. session ID, resource ID, cookie, etc.) to perform authorized actions under the guise of an authenticated user or service.
CAPEC-22: Exploiting Trust in Client
An attack of this type exploits vulnerabilities in client/server communication channel authentication and data integrity. It leverages the implicit trust a server places in the client, or more importantly, that which the server believes is the client. An attacker executes this type of attack by communicating directly with the server where the server believes it is communicating only with a valid client. There are numerous variations of this type of attack.
CAPEC-459: Creating a Rogue Certification Authority Certificate
An adversary exploits a weakness resulting from using a hashing algorithm with weak collision resistance to generate certificate signing requests (CSR) that contain collision blocks in their "to be signed" parts. The adversary submits one CSR to be signed by a trusted certificate authority then uses the signed blob to make a second certificate appear signed by said certificate authority. Due to the hash collision, both certificates, though different, hash to the same value and so the signed blob works just as well in the second certificate. The net effect is that the adversary's second X.509 certificate, which the Certification Authority has never seen, is now signed and validated by that Certification Authority.
CAPEC-461: Web Services API Signature Forgery Leveraging Hash Function Extension Weakness
An adversary utilizes a hash function extension/padding weakness, to modify the parameters passed to the web service requesting authentication by generating their own call in order to generate a legitimate signature hash (as described in the notes), without knowledge of the secret token sometimes provided by the web service.
CAPEC-473: Signature Spoof
An attacker generates a message or datablock that causes the recipient to believe that the message or datablock was generated and cryptographically signed by an authoritative or reputable source, misleading a victim or victim operating system into performing malicious actions.
CAPEC-476: Signature Spoofing by Misrepresentation
An attacker exploits a weakness in the parsing or display code of the recipient software to generate a data blob containing a supposedly valid signature, but the signer's identity is falsely represented, which can lead to the attacker manipulating the recipient software or its victim user to perform compromising actions.
CAPEC-59: Session Credential Falsification through Prediction
This attack targets predictable session ID in order to gain privileges. The attacker can predict the session ID used during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking.
CAPEC-60: Reusing Session IDs (aka Session Replay)
This attack targets the reuse of valid session ID to spoof the target system in order to gain privileges. The attacker tries to reuse a stolen session ID used previously during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking. Another name for this type of attack is Session Replay.
CAPEC-667: Bluetooth Impersonation AttackS (BIAS)
An adversary disguises the MAC address of their Bluetooth enabled device to one for which there exists an active and trusted connection and authenticates successfully. The adversary can then perform malicious actions on the target Bluetooth device depending on the target’s capabilities.
CAPEC-94: Adversary in the Middle (AiTM)
An adversary targets the communication between two components (typically client and server), in order to alter or obtain data from transactions. A general approach entails the adversary placing themself within the communication channel between the two components.