CWE-284
Weakness DiscouragedImproper Access Control
Abstraction: Pillar · Status: Incomplete
The product does not restrict or incorrectly restricts access to a resource from an unauthorized actor.
Technical nuance
Access control involves the use of several protection mechanisms such as:
Authentication (proving the identity of an actor)
Authorization (ensuring that a given actor can access a resource), and
Accountability (tracking of activities that were performed)
There are two distinct behaviors that can introduce access control weaknesses:
Specification: incorrect privileges, permissions, ownership, etc. are explicitly specified for either the user or the resource (for example, setting a password file to be world-writable, or giving administrator capabilities to a guest user). This action could be performed by the program or the administrator.
Enforcement: the mechanism contains errors that prevent it from properly enforcing the specified access control requirements (e.g., allowing the user to specify their own privileges, or allowing a syntactically-incorrect ACL to produce insecure settings). This problem occurs within the program itself, in that it does not actually enforce the intended security policy that the administrator specifies.
Dimensions
- Behavior-Property: Improper
- Behavior-Type: Access Control
Mapping guidance
CWE-284 is extremely high-level, a Pillar. Its name, "Improper Access Control," is often misused in low-information vulnerability reports [REF-1287] or by active use of the OWASP Top Ten, such as "A01:2021-Broken Access Control". It is not useful for trend analysis.
Consider using descendants-284 that are more specific to the kind of access control involved.
Modes of introduction
REALIZATION: This weakness is caused during implementation of an architectural security tactic.
Notes
Maintenance
This entry needs more work. Possible sub-categories include:
Trusted group includes undesired entities (partially covered by CWE-286)
Group can perform undesired actions
ACL parse error does not fail closed
Content history
updated Time_of_Introduction
updated Alternate_Terms, Background_Details, Description, Maintenance_Notes, Name, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
updated Relationships
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updated Alternate_Terms, Relationships
updated Potential_Mitigations
updated References, Taxonomy_Mappings
updated Potential_Mitigations
Changed name and description; clarified difference between "access control" and "authorization."
updated Alternate_Terms, Background_Details, Description, Maintenance_Notes, Name, Relationships
updated Common_Consequences
updated Common_Consequences
updated References, Relationships
updated Potential_Mitigations
updated Related_Attack_Patterns, Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Relationships
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updated Affected_Resources, Modes_of_Introduction, Observed_Examples, References, Relationships
updated References, Relationships
updated Related_Attack_Patterns
updated Related_Attack_Patterns, Relationships
updated Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings, Type
updated Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Potential_Mitigations, Relationships
updated Maintenance_Notes, Relationships
updated Observed_Examples
updated Relationships
updated Observed_Examples
updated References
updated Applicable_Platforms, Description, Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Mapping_Notes
updated Observed_Examples
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updated Applicable_Platforms, Demonstrative_Examples, Mapping_Notes, Observed_Examples, References, Relationships, Weakness_Ordinalities
updated Relationships
updated Mapping_Notes
updated Common_Consequences, Description, Dimensions, Relationships, Technical_Nuance
11538 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-R26F-V6J2-2H4J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-12-02 00:00 – Updated: 2022-10-25 19:00Insulet Omnipod Insulin Management System insulin pump product ID 19191 and 40160 is designed to communicate using a wireless RF with an Insulet manufactured Personal Diabetes Manager device. This wireless RF communication protocol does not properly implement authentication or authorization. An attacker with access to one of the affected insulin pump models may be able to modify and/or intercept data. This vulnerability could also allow attackers to change pump settings and control insulin delivery.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-10627"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-12-01T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Insulet Omnipod Insulin Management System insulin pump product ID 19191 and 40160 is designed to communicate using a wireless RF with an Insulet manufactured Personal Diabetes Manager device. This wireless RF communication protocol does not properly implement authentication or authorization. An attacker with access to one of the affected insulin pump models may be able to modify and/or intercept data. This vulnerability could also allow attackers to change pump settings and control insulin delivery.",
"id": "GHSA-r26f-v6j2-2h4j",
"modified": "2022-10-25T19:00:30Z",
"published": "2021-12-02T00:00:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-10627"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ics/advisories/icsma-20-079-01"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.myomnipod.com/security-bulletins"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-R27Q-6QV6-4WQH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-14 18:32 – Updated: 2026-07-14 18:32Improper access control in Microsoft Windows DNS allows an authorized attacker to perform tampering locally.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-50465"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-07-14T18:17:51Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Improper access control in Microsoft Windows DNS allows an authorized attacker to perform tampering locally.",
"id": "GHSA-r27q-6qv6-4wqh",
"modified": "2026-07-14T18:32:25Z",
"published": "2026-07-14T18:32:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-50465"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2026-50465"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-R293-2PPV-632R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-07-09 18:30 – Updated: 2024-07-09 18:30An improper access control in Fortinet FortiExtender 4.1.1 - 4.1.9, 4.2.0 - 4.2.6, 5.3.2, 7.0.0 - 7.0.4, 7.2.0 - 7.2.4 and 7.4.0 - 7.4.2 allows an attacker to create users with elevated privileges via a crafted HTTP request.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-23663"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-07-09T16:15:04Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An improper access control in Fortinet FortiExtender 4.1.1 - 4.1.9, 4.2.0 - 4.2.6, 5.3.2, 7.0.0 - 7.0.4, 7.2.0 - 7.2.4 and 7.4.0 - 7.4.2 allows an attacker to create users with elevated privileges via a crafted HTTP request.",
"id": "GHSA-r293-2ppv-632r",
"modified": "2024-07-09T18:30:48Z",
"published": "2024-07-09T18:30:48Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-23663"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://fortiguard.com/psirt/FG-IR-23-459"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-R293-6MHC-29XX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-05 02:48 – Updated: 2025-10-22 03:30Multiple vulnerabilities in Oracle Java 7 before Update 11 allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code by (1) using the public getMBeanInstantiator method in the JmxMBeanServer class to obtain a reference to a private MBeanInstantiator object, then retrieving arbitrary Class references using the findClass method, and (2) using the Reflection API with recursion in a way that bypasses a security check by the java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup.checkSecurityManager method due to the inability of the sun.reflect.Reflection.getCallerClass method to skip frames related to the new reflection API, as exploited in the wild in January 2013, as demonstrated by Blackhole and Nuclear Pack, and a different vulnerability than CVE-2012-4681 and CVE-2012-3174. NOTE: some parties have mapped the recursive Reflection API issue to CVE-2012-3174, but CVE-2012-3174 is for a different vulnerability whose details are not public as of 20130114. CVE-2013-0422 covers both the JMX/MBean and Reflection API issues. NOTE: it was originally reported that Java 6 was also vulnerable, but the reporter has retracted this claim, stating that Java 6 is not exploitable because the relevant code is called in a way that does not bypass security checks. NOTE: as of 20130114, a reliable third party has claimed that the findClass/MBeanInstantiator vector was not fixed in Oracle Java 7 Update 11. If there is still a vulnerable condition, then a separate CVE identifier might be created for the unfixed issue.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2013-0422"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2013-01-10T21:55:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Multiple vulnerabilities in Oracle Java 7 before Update 11 allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code by (1) using the public getMBeanInstantiator method in the JmxMBeanServer class to obtain a reference to a private MBeanInstantiator object, then retrieving arbitrary Class references using the findClass method, and (2) using the Reflection API with recursion in a way that bypasses a security check by the java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup.checkSecurityManager method due to the inability of the sun.reflect.Reflection.getCallerClass method to skip frames related to the new reflection API, as exploited in the wild in January 2013, as demonstrated by Blackhole and Nuclear Pack, and a different vulnerability than CVE-2012-4681 and CVE-2012-3174. NOTE: some parties have mapped the recursive Reflection API issue to CVE-2012-3174, but CVE-2012-3174 is for a different vulnerability whose details are not public as of 20130114. CVE-2013-0422 covers both the JMX/MBean and Reflection API issues. NOTE: it was originally reported that Java 6 was also vulnerable, but the reporter has retracted this claim, stating that Java 6 is not exploitable because the relevant code is called in a way that does not bypass security checks. NOTE: as of 20130114, a reliable third party has claimed that the findClass/MBeanInstantiator vector was not fixed in Oracle Java 7 Update 11. If there is still a vulnerable condition, then a separate CVE identifier might be created for the unfixed issue.",
"id": "GHSA-r293-6mhc-29xx",
"modified": "2025-10-22T03:30:32Z",
"published": "2022-05-05T02:48:59Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2013-0422"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://partners.immunityinc.com/idocs/Java%20MBeanInstantiator.findClass%200day%20Analysis.pdf"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://threatpost.com/en_us/blogs/nasty-new-java-zero-day-found-exploit-kits-already-have-it-011013"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wiki.mageia.org/en/Support/Advisories/MGASA-2013-0018"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www-304.ibm.com/connections/blogs/PSIRT/entry/oracle_java_7_security_manager_bypass_vulnerability_cve_2013_04224?lang=en_us"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2013-0422"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://blog.fireeye.com/research/2013/01/happy-new-year-from-new-java-zero-day.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://blog.fuseyism.com/index.php/2013/01/15/security-icedtea-2-1-4-2-2-4-2-3-4-released"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://immunityproducts.blogspot.ca/2013/01/confirmed-java-only-fixed-one-of-two.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://krebsonsecurity.com/2013/01/zero-day-java-exploit-debuts-in-crimeware"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://labs.alienvault.com/labs/index.php/2013/new-year-new-java-zeroday"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2013-01/msg00025.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://malware.dontneedcoffee.com/2013/01/0-day-17u10-spotted-in-while-disable.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2013-0156.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2013-0165.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/bugtraq/2013/Jan/48"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/625617"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.mandriva.com/security/advisories?name=MDVSA-2013:095"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/topics/security/alert-cve-2013-0422-1896849.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/USN-1693-1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA13-010A.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-R29W-FFC3-H4RM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-02-20 12:31 – Updated: 2025-02-20 12:31Dell RecoverPoint for Virtual Machines 6.0.X contains a command execution vulnerability. A Low privileged malicious user with local access could potentially exploit this vulnerability by running the specific binary and perform any administrative action permitted by it resulting in shutting down the server, modifying the configuration leading to gain access to unauthorized data.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-21105"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-02-20T12:15:11Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Dell RecoverPoint for Virtual Machines 6.0.X contains a command execution vulnerability. A Low privileged malicious user with local access could potentially exploit this vulnerability by running the specific binary and perform any administrative action permitted by it resulting in shutting down the server, modifying the configuration leading to gain access to unauthorized data.",
"id": "GHSA-r29w-ffc3-h4rm",
"modified": "2025-02-20T12:31:15Z",
"published": "2025-02-20T12:31:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-21105"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.dell.com/support/kbdoc/en-us/000287503/dsa-2025-101-security-update-for-dell-recoverpoint-for-virtual-machines-multiple-component-vulnerabilities"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-R2C9-G9PR-HC37
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-12 00:31 – Updated: 2026-02-13 21:31A permissions issue was addressed with additional restrictions. This issue is fixed in macOS Tahoe 26.3. An app may be able to monitor keystrokes without user permission.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-20601"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-11T23:16:03Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "A permissions issue was addressed with additional restrictions. This issue is fixed in macOS Tahoe 26.3. An app may be able to monitor keystrokes without user permission.",
"id": "GHSA-r2c9-g9pr-hc37",
"modified": "2026-02-13T21:31:34Z",
"published": "2026-02-12T00:31:04Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-20601"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/126348"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-R2F8-JCM8-G23C
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-03-27 03:31 – Updated: 2025-11-04 21:31An issue was discovered on WyreStorm Apollo VX20 devices before 1.3.58. Remote attackers can discover cleartext passwords via a SoftAP /device/config GET request.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-25735"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284",
"CWE-319"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-03-27T03:15:12Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered on WyreStorm Apollo VX20 devices before 1.3.58. Remote attackers can discover cleartext passwords via a SoftAP /device/config GET request.",
"id": "GHSA-r2f8-jcm8-g23c",
"modified": "2025-11-04T21:31:22Z",
"published": "2024-03-27T03:31:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-25735"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://hyp3rlinx.altervista.org"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/177082"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2024/Feb/11"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-R2GH-J25F-3CVJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-05-10 15:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 03:59Improper access control in the Intel(R) SUR software before version 2.4.8989 may allow an authenticated user to potentially enable escalation of privilege via local access.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-40207"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-05-10T14:15:14Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Improper access control in the Intel(R) SUR software before version 2.4.8989 may allow an authenticated user to potentially enable escalation of privilege via local access.",
"id": "GHSA-r2gh-j25f-3cvj",
"modified": "2024-04-04T03:59:26Z",
"published": "2023-05-10T15:30:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-40207"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/security-center/advisory/intel-sa-00785.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-R2H8-W7JV-3XG9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-11-18 21:32 – Updated: 2025-11-18 21:32A vulnerability in the SSH restricted shell interface of the network management services allows improper access control for authenticated read-only users. If successfully exploited, this vulnerability could allow an attacker with read-only privileges to gain administrator access on the affected system.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-37155"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-11-18T19:15:47Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in the SSH restricted shell interface of the network management services allows improper access control for authenticated read-only users. If successfully exploited, this vulnerability could allow an attacker with read-only privileges to gain administrator access on the affected system.",
"id": "GHSA-r2h8-w7jv-3xg9",
"modified": "2025-11-18T21:32:30Z",
"published": "2025-11-18T21:32:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-37155"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.hpe.com/hpesc/public/docDisplay?docId=hpesbnw04888en_us\u0026docLocale=en_US"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-R2HM-47HV-FHJM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-08-11 03:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 06:51Improper access control in the Intel Unite(R) android application before version 4.2.3504 may allow an authenticated user to potentially enable information disclosure via local access.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-32609"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-08-11T03:15:32Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Improper access control in the Intel Unite(R) android application before version 4.2.3504 may allow an authenticated user to potentially enable information disclosure via local access.",
"id": "GHSA-r2hm-47hv-fhjm",
"modified": "2024-04-04T06:51:37Z",
"published": "2023-08-11T03:30:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-32609"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/security-center/advisory/intel-sa-00932.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-1
Very carefully manage the setting, management, and handling of privileges. Explicitly manage trust zones in the software.
Mitigation MIT-46
Strategy: Separation of Privilege
- Compartmentalize the system to have "safe" areas where trust boundaries can be unambiguously drawn. Do not allow sensitive data to go outside of the trust boundary and always be careful when interfacing with a compartment outside of the safe area.
- Ensure that appropriate compartmentalization is built into the system design, and the compartmentalization allows for and reinforces privilege separation functionality. Architects and designers should rely on the principle of least privilege to decide the appropriate time to use privileges and the time to drop privileges.
CAPEC-19: Embedding Scripts within Scripts
An adversary leverages the capability to execute their own script by embedding it within other scripts that the target software is likely to execute due to programs' vulnerabilities that are brought on by allowing remote hosts to execute scripts.
CAPEC-441: Malicious Logic Insertion
An adversary installs or adds malicious logic (also known as malware) into a seemingly benign component of a fielded system. This logic is often hidden from the user of the system and works behind the scenes to achieve negative impacts. With the proliferation of mass digital storage and inexpensive multimedia devices, Bluetooth and 802.11 support, new attack vectors for spreading malware are emerging for things we once thought of as innocuous greeting cards, picture frames, or digital projectors. This pattern of attack focuses on systems already fielded and used in operation as opposed to systems and their components that are still under development and part of the supply chain.
CAPEC-478: Modification of Windows Service Configuration
An adversary exploits a weakness in access control to modify the execution parameters of a Windows service. The goal of this attack is to execute a malicious binary in place of an existing service.
CAPEC-479: Malicious Root Certificate
An adversary exploits a weakness in authorization and installs a new root certificate on a compromised system. Certificates are commonly used for establishing secure TLS/SSL communications within a web browser. When a user attempts to browse a website that presents a certificate that is not trusted an error message will be displayed to warn the user of the security risk. Depending on the security settings, the browser may not allow the user to establish a connection to the website. Adversaries have used this technique to avoid security warnings prompting users when compromised systems connect over HTTPS to adversary controlled web servers that spoof legitimate websites in order to collect login credentials.
CAPEC-502: Intent Spoof
An adversary, through a previously installed malicious application, issues an intent directed toward a specific trusted application's component in an attempt to achieve a variety of different objectives including modification of data, information disclosure, and data injection. Components that have been unintentionally exported and made public are subject to this type of an attack. If the component trusts the intent's action without verififcation, then the target application performs the functionality at the adversary's request, helping the adversary achieve the desired negative technical impact.
CAPEC-503: WebView Exposure
An adversary, through a malicious web page, accesses application specific functionality by leveraging interfaces registered through WebView's addJavascriptInterface API. Once an interface is registered to WebView through addJavascriptInterface, it becomes global and all pages loaded in the WebView can call this interface.
CAPEC-536: Data Injected During Configuration
An attacker with access to data files and processes on a victim's system injects malicious data into critical operational data during configuration or recalibration, causing the victim's system to perform in a suboptimal manner that benefits the adversary.
CAPEC-546: Incomplete Data Deletion in a Multi-Tenant Environment
An adversary obtains unauthorized information due to insecure or incomplete data deletion in a multi-tenant environment. If a cloud provider fails to completely delete storage and data from former cloud tenants' systems/resources, once these resources are allocated to new, potentially malicious tenants, the latter can probe the provided resources for sensitive information still there.
CAPEC-550: Install New Service
When an operating system starts, it also starts programs called services or daemons. Adversaries may install a new service which will be executed at startup (on a Windows system, by modifying the registry). The service name may be disguised by using a name from a related operating system or benign software. Services are usually run with elevated privileges.
CAPEC-551: Modify Existing Service
When an operating system starts, it also starts programs called services or daemons. Modifying existing services may break existing services or may enable services that are disabled/not commonly used.
CAPEC-552: Install Rootkit
An adversary exploits a weakness in authentication to install malware that alters the functionality and information provide by targeted operating system API calls. Often referred to as rootkits, it is often used to hide the presence of programs, files, network connections, services, drivers, and other system components.
CAPEC-556: Replace File Extension Handlers
When a file is opened, its file handler is checked to determine which program opens the file. File handlers are configuration properties of many operating systems. Applications can modify the file handler for a given file extension to call an arbitrary program when a file with the given extension is opened.
CAPEC-558: Replace Trusted Executable
An adversary exploits weaknesses in privilege management or access control to replace a trusted executable with a malicious version and enable the execution of malware when that trusted executable is called.
CAPEC-562: Modify Shared File
An adversary manipulates the files in a shared location by adding malicious programs, scripts, or exploit code to valid content. Once a user opens the shared content, the tainted content is executed.
CAPEC-563: Add Malicious File to Shared Webroot
An adversaries may add malicious content to a website through the open file share and then browse to that content with a web browser to cause the server to execute the content. The malicious content will typically run under the context and permissions of the web server process, often resulting in local system or administrative privileges depending on how the web server is configured.
CAPEC-564: Run Software at Logon
Operating system allows logon scripts to be run whenever a specific user or users logon to a system. If adversaries can access these scripts, they may insert additional code into the logon script. This code can allow them to maintain persistence or move laterally within an enclave because it is executed every time the affected user or users logon to a computer. Modifying logon scripts can effectively bypass workstation and enclave firewalls. Depending on the access configuration of the logon scripts, either local credentials or a remote administrative account may be necessary.
CAPEC-578: Disable Security Software
An adversary exploits a weakness in access control to disable security tools so that detection does not occur. This can take the form of killing processes, deleting registry keys so that tools do not start at run time, deleting log files, or other methods.