CWE-269
DiscouragedImproper Privilege Management
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product does not properly assign, modify, track, or check privileges for an actor, creating an unintended sphere of control for that actor.
6466 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-JR8W-44HP-M299
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:10 – Updated: 2022-07-13 00:01A potential unauthorized privilege escalation vulnerability has been identified in Micro Focus Data Protector. The vulnerability affects versions 10.10, 10.20, 10.30, 10.40, 10.50, 10.60, 10.70, 10.80, 10.0 and 10.91. A privileged user may potentially misuse this feature and thus allow unintended and unauthorized access of data.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-22517"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-269"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-08-05T21:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A potential unauthorized privilege escalation vulnerability has been identified in Micro Focus Data Protector. The vulnerability affects versions 10.10, 10.20, 10.30, 10.40, 10.50, 10.60, 10.70, 10.80, 10.0 and 10.91. A privileged user may potentially misuse this feature and thus allow unintended and unauthorized access of data.",
"id": "GHSA-jr8w-44hp-m299",
"modified": "2022-07-13T00:01:10Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:10:07Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-22517"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://portal.microfocus.com/s/article/KM000001460"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-JRFQ-VG4J-G2RF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:08 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:08Adobe Acrobat and Reader versions 2019.021.20061 and earlier, 2017.011.30156 and earlier, 2017.011.30156 and earlier, and 2015.006.30508 and earlier have a privilege escalation vulnerability. Successful exploitation could lead to arbitrary file system write.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-3762"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-269"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-02-13T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Adobe Acrobat and Reader versions 2019.021.20061 and earlier, 2017.011.30156 and earlier, 2017.011.30156 and earlier, and 2015.006.30508 and earlier have a privilege escalation vulnerability. Successful exploitation could lead to arbitrary file system write.",
"id": "GHSA-jrfq-vg4j-g2rf",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:08:59Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:08:59Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-3762"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://helpx.adobe.com/security/products/acrobat/apsb20-05.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-JRFX-J7FQ-9588
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-18 09:31 – Updated: 2026-09-18 09:31The Booking Calendar plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Privilege Escalation in all versions up to, and including, 11.8.2 via the wpbc_ajax_option_save AJAX action. The vulnerability exists because the handle_ajax_save() function applies per-option safeguards only to names explicitly registered via register_option_policy(), causing get_option_policy() to return an empty policy — bypassing all can_save, force_mode, and allowed_keys checks — for any unregistered option name, including core WordPress options, while an attacker-controlled data_name parameter passes through sanitize_key() and is written directly to update_option() without restriction. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers with Editor-level access and above to escalate their privileges to Administrator by writing core WordPress options such as default_role=administrator and users_can_register=1, then self-registering a new Administrator account. The nonce check does not meaningfully restrict this attack, as both the nonce value and nonce action are attacker-supplied POST parameters, and a valid nonce is trivially obtainable via admin-ajax.php?action=rest-nonce.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-92619"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-269"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-09-18T07:16:51Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The Booking Calendar plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Privilege Escalation in all versions up to, and including, 11.8.2 via the `wpbc_ajax_option_save` AJAX action. The vulnerability exists because the `handle_ajax_save()` function applies per-option safeguards only to names explicitly registered via `register_option_policy()`, causing `get_option_policy()` to return an empty policy \u2014 bypassing all can_save, force_mode, and allowed_keys checks \u2014 for any unregistered option name, including core WordPress options, while an attacker-controlled `data_name` parameter passes through `sanitize_key()` and is written directly to `update_option()` without restriction. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers with Editor-level access and above to escalate their privileges to Administrator by writing core WordPress options such as `default_role=administrator` and `users_can_register=1`, then self-registering a new Administrator account. The nonce check does not meaningfully restrict this attack, as both the nonce value and nonce action are attacker-supplied POST parameters, and a valid nonce is trivially obtainable via `admin-ajax.php?action=rest-nonce`.",
"id": "GHSA-jrfx-j7fq-9588",
"modified": "2026-09-18T09:31:07Z",
"published": "2026-09-18T09:31:07Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-92619"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/booking/tags/11.8.2/includes/page-form-builder/ajax/bfb-ajax.php#L82"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/booking/tags/11.8.2/includes/save-load-option/save-load-option.php#L138"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/booking/tags/11.8.2/includes/save-load-option/save-load-option.php#L197"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/booking/tags/11.8.2/includes/save-load-option/save-load-option.php#L303"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?reponame=\u0026old=3699185%40booking\u0026new=3699185%40booking"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/ab68a6b2-e9b0-4efa-bd01-c6e3e11011db?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-JRG3-JJ4F-M298
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:13 – Updated: 2026-08-10 18:31Microsoft Edge (Chromium-based) Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability This CVE ID is unique from CVE-2021-26436.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-36930"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-269"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-09-02T23:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Microsoft Edge (Chromium-based) Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability This CVE ID is unique from CVE-2021-26436.",
"id": "GHSA-jrg3-jj4f-m298",
"modified": "2026-08-10T18:31:01Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:13:01Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-36930"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-36930"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/en-US/security-guidance/advisory/CVE-2021-36930"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-JRG8-F5MH-38CG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:19 – Updated: 2022-07-13 00:01There is a vulnerability of tampering with the kernel in Huawei Smartphone.Successful exploitation of this vulnerability may escalate permissions.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-36986"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-269"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-10-28T13:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "There is a vulnerability of tampering with the kernel in Huawei Smartphone.Successful exploitation of this vulnerability may escalate permissions.",
"id": "GHSA-jrg8-f5mh-38cg",
"modified": "2022-07-13T00:01:31Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:19:06Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-36986"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://consumer.huawei.com/en/support/bulletin/2021/7"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-JRH9-C6RR-4F9F
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-11 09:30 – Updated: 2025-03-11 09:30Improper Privilege Management vulnerability in ZTE GoldenDB allows Privilege Escalation.This issue affects GoldenDB: from 6.1.03 through 6.1.03.04.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-26703"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-269"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-03-11T07:15:34Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Improper Privilege Management vulnerability in ZTE GoldenDB allows Privilege Escalation.This issue affects GoldenDB: from 6.1.03 through 6.1.03.04.",
"id": "GHSA-jrh9-c6rr-4f9f",
"modified": "2025-03-11T09:30:30Z",
"published": "2025-03-11T09:30:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-26703"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.zte.com.cn/zte-iccp-isupport-webui/bulletin/detail/5666152569221570627"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-JRJR-VF29-9976
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-21 21:33 – Updated: 2025-10-21 21:33Vulnerability in the Oracle VM VirtualBox product of Oracle Virtualization (component: Core). Supported versions that are affected are 7.1.12 and 7.2.2. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows low privileged attacker with logon to the infrastructure where Oracle VM VirtualBox executes to compromise Oracle VM VirtualBox. While the vulnerability is in Oracle VM VirtualBox, attacks may significantly impact additional products (scope change). Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in unauthorized access to critical data or complete access to all Oracle VM VirtualBox accessible data. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 6.5 (Confidentiality impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N).
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-61759"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-269"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-10-21T20:20:52Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Vulnerability in the Oracle VM VirtualBox product of Oracle Virtualization (component: Core). Supported versions that are affected are 7.1.12 and 7.2.2. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows low privileged attacker with logon to the infrastructure where Oracle VM VirtualBox executes to compromise Oracle VM VirtualBox. While the vulnerability is in Oracle VM VirtualBox, attacks may significantly impact additional products (scope change). Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in unauthorized access to critical data or complete access to all Oracle VM VirtualBox accessible data. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 6.5 (Confidentiality impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N).",
"id": "GHSA-jrjr-vf29-9976",
"modified": "2025-10-21T21:33:43Z",
"published": "2025-10-21T21:33:43Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-61759"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpuoct2025.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-JRM4-4PCF-4763
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-05 22:18 – Updated: 2026-05-15 23:50Summary
The published ghcr.io/jo-jo98/ciguard container image inherits the default root user because the Dockerfile lacks a USER directive. ciguard is a static analyser with no need for root privileges; running as root inside a container makes any future container-runtime escape CVE more impactful than it needs to be.
Threat scenario
Defence-in-depth gap. Without a known container-runtime CVE in the chain, this finding is not directly exploitable. Recent runc CVEs (e.g. CVE-2024-21626) provided escape primitives that depended on host UID = container UID = 0 for full impact; with this fix, any future such escape primitive lands as a non-root user on the host.
Patch
- Dockerfile adds
RUN groupadd -r ciguard && useradd -r -g ciguard -d /home/ciguard -m -s /usr/sbin/nologin ciguard && chown -R ciguard:ciguard /reports /policies-mount /app. - Followed by
USER ciguardbefore theCMDdirective. - Trivy DS-0002 misconfig clears (
Tests: 20 SUCCESSES: 20 FAILURES: 0).
Discovery
Found by Trivy filesystem scan during ciguard's first self-conducted pentest cycle, 2026-04-26.
CVSS Scoring
- CVSS v3.1:
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N— 2.0 (Low) - CVSS v4.0:
CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:H/AT:P/PR:H/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N— 3.4 (Low) per Cycle 1 report; GitHub's calc 1.8 (Low). Both Low.
Verification
$ docker run --rm ghcr.io/jo-jo98/ciguard:v0.8.2 id
uid=999(ciguard) gid=999(ciguard) groups=999(ciguard)
References
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 0.8.1"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "ciguard"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0.1.0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.8.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-44218"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-269"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-05T22:18:15Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-12T20:16:42Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "## Summary\n\nThe published `ghcr.io/jo-jo98/ciguard` container image inherits the default root user because the `Dockerfile` lacks a `USER` directive. ciguard is a static analyser with no need for root privileges; running as root inside a container makes any future container-runtime escape CVE more impactful than it needs to be.\n\n## Threat scenario\n\nDefence-in-depth gap. Without a known container-runtime CVE in the chain, this finding is not directly exploitable. Recent runc CVEs (e.g. CVE-2024-21626) provided escape primitives that depended on host UID = container UID = 0 for full impact; with this fix, any future such escape primitive lands as a non-root user on the host.\n\n## Patch\n\n- Dockerfile adds `RUN groupadd -r ciguard \u0026\u0026 useradd -r -g ciguard -d /home/ciguard -m -s /usr/sbin/nologin ciguard \u0026\u0026 chown -R ciguard:ciguard /reports /policies-mount /app`.\n- Followed by `USER ciguard` before the `CMD` directive.\n- Trivy DS-0002 misconfig clears (`Tests: 20 SUCCESSES: 20 FAILURES: 0`).\n\n## Discovery\n\nFound by Trivy filesystem scan during ciguard\u0027s first self-conducted pentest cycle, 2026-04-26.\n\n## CVSS Scoring\n\n- CVSS v3.1: `CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N` \u2014 2.0 (Low)\n- CVSS v4.0: `CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:H/AT:P/PR:H/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N` \u2014 3.4 (Low) per Cycle 1 report; GitHub\u0027s calc 1.8 (Low). Both Low.\n\n## Verification\n\n```\n$ docker run --rm ghcr.io/jo-jo98/ciguard:v0.8.2 id\nuid=999(ciguard) gid=999(ciguard) groups=999(ciguard)\n```\n\n## References\n\n- Fix released in [v0.8.2](https://github.com/Jo-Jo98/ciguard/releases/tag/v0.8.2)\n- CI regression gate added in [v0.8.3](https://github.com/Jo-Jo98/ciguard/releases/tag/v0.8.3)\n- https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-44218",
"id": "GHSA-jrm4-4pcf-4763",
"modified": "2026-05-15T23:50:16Z",
"published": "2026-05-05T22:18:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Jo-Jo98/ciguard/security/advisories/GHSA-jrm4-4pcf-4763"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-44218"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/Jo-Jo98/ciguard"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Jo-Jo98/ciguard/releases/tag/v0.8.2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Jo-Jo98/ciguard/releases/tag/v0.8.3"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:H/AT:P/PR:H/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "ciguard: Container image runs as root (no USER directive)"
}
GHSA-JRMV-H6H9-GCM3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-07-06 19:24 – Updated: 2025-04-03 21:32It is possible to manipulate the JWT token without the knowledge of the JWT secret and authenticate without valid JWT token as any user. This is happening only in the situation when zOSMF doesn’t have the APAR PH12143 applied. This issue affects: 1.16 versions to 1.19. What happens is that the services using the ZAAS client or the API ML API to query will be deceived into believing the information in the JWT token is valid when it isn’t. It’s possible to use this to persuade the southbound service that different user is authenticated.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-4314"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-269",
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-01-18T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "It is possible to manipulate the JWT token without the knowledge of the JWT secret and authenticate without valid JWT token as any user. This is happening only in the situation when zOSMF doesn\u2019t have the APAR PH12143 applied. This issue affects: 1.16 versions to 1.19. What happens is that the services using the ZAAS client or the API ML API to query will be deceived into believing the information in the JWT token is valid when it isn\u2019t. It\u2019s possible to use this to persuade the southbound service that different user is authenticated.",
"id": "GHSA-jrmv-h6h9-gcm3",
"modified": "2025-04-03T21:32:47Z",
"published": "2023-07-06T19:24:07Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-4314"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/zowe/api-layer"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-JRQW-CWPM-3Q7J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-12-12 09:30 – Updated: 2023-12-12 09:30An issue was discovered in EnterpriseDB Postgres Advanced Server (EPAS) before 11.21.32, 12.x before 12.16.20, 13.x before 13.12.16, 14.x before 14.9.0, and 15.x before 15.4.0. It contains the function _dbms_aq_move_to_exception_queue that may be used to elevate a user's privileges to superuser. This function accepts the OID of a table, and then accesses that table as the superuser by using SELECT and DML commands.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-41119"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-269"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-12-12T07:15:45Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in EnterpriseDB Postgres Advanced Server (EPAS) before 11.21.32, 12.x before 12.16.20, 13.x before 13.12.16, 14.x before 14.9.0, and 15.x before 15.4.0. It contains the function _dbms_aq_move_to_exception_queue that may be used to elevate a user\u0027s privileges to superuser. This function accepts the OID of a table, and then accesses that table as the superuser by using SELECT and DML commands.",
"id": "GHSA-jrqw-cwpm-3q7j",
"modified": "2023-12-12T09:30:32Z",
"published": "2023-12-12T09:30:32Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-41119"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.enterprisedb.com/docs/security/advisories/cve202341119"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-1
Very carefully manage the setting, management, and handling of privileges. Explicitly manage trust zones in the software.
Mitigation MIT-48
Strategy: Separation of Privilege
Follow the principle of least privilege when assigning access rights to entities in a software system.
Mitigation MIT-49
Strategy: Separation of Privilege
Consider following the principle of separation of privilege. Require multiple conditions to be met before permitting access to a system resource.
CAPEC-122: Privilege Abuse
An adversary is able to exploit features of the target that should be reserved for privileged users or administrators but are exposed to use by lower or non-privileged accounts. Access to sensitive information and functionality must be controlled to ensure that only authorized users are able to access these resources.
CAPEC-233: Privilege Escalation
An adversary exploits a weakness enabling them to elevate their privilege and perform an action that they are not supposed to be authorized to perform.
CAPEC-58: Restful Privilege Elevation
An adversary identifies a Rest HTTP (Get, Put, Delete) style permission method allowing them to perform various malicious actions upon server data due to lack of access control mechanisms implemented within the application service accepting HTTP messages.