CWE-204
AllowedObservable Response Discrepancy
Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete
The product provides different responses to incoming requests in a way that reveals internal state information to an unauthorized actor outside of the intended control sphere.
326 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-MQF8-4CQM-P83X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-02-08 06:30 – Updated: 2024-02-08 18:30Liferay Portal 7.2.0 through 7.4.1, and older unsupported versions, and Liferay DXP 7.3 before service pack 3, 7.2 before fix pack 18, and older unsupported versions returns with different responses depending on whether a site does not exist or if the user does not have permission to access the site, which allows remote attackers to discover the existence of sites by enumerating URLs. This vulnerability occurs if locale.prepend.friendly.url.style=2 and if a custom 404 page is used.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "com.liferay.portal:release.portal.bom"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "7.2.0"
},
{
"fixed": "7.4.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "com.liferay.portal:release.dxp.bom"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "7.3.0"
},
{
"fixed": "7.3.10.u4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "com.liferay.portal:release.dxp.bom"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "7.2.0"
},
{
"fixed": "7.2.10.fp18"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-25146"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-203",
"CWE-204"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-02-08T18:30:36Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-02-08T04:15:08Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Liferay Portal 7.2.0 through 7.4.1, and older unsupported versions, and Liferay DXP 7.3 before service pack 3, 7.2 before fix pack 18, and older unsupported versions returns with different responses depending on whether a site does not exist or if the user does not have permission to access the site, which allows remote attackers to discover the existence of sites by enumerating URLs. This vulnerability occurs if locale.prepend.friendly.url.style=2 and if a custom 404 page is used.",
"id": "GHSA-mqf8-4cqm-p83x",
"modified": "2024-02-08T18:30:36Z",
"published": "2024-02-08T06:30:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-25146"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/liferay/liferay-portal"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://liferay.dev/portal/security/known-vulnerabilities/-/asset_publisher/jekt/content/cve-2024-25146"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Liferay Portal allows attackers to discover the existence of sites"
}
GHSA-MR7P-FQX6-72V7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-16 21:31 – Updated: 2025-10-30 18:31D-Link Nuclias Connect firmware versions <= 1.3.1.4 contain an observable response discrepancy vulnerability. The application's 'Login' endpoint returns distinct JSON responses depending on whether the supplied username is associated with an existing account. Because the responses differ in the error.messagestring value, an unauthenticated remote attacker can enumerate valid usernames/accounts on the server. NOTE: D-Link states that a fix is under development.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-34254"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-204"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-10-16T19:15:32Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "D-Link Nuclias Connect firmware versions \u003c= 1.3.1.4 contain an observable response discrepancy vulnerability.\u00a0The application\u0027s \u0027Login\u0027 endpoint returns distinct JSON responses depending on whether the supplied username is associated with an existing account. Because the responses differ in the `error.message`string value, an unauthenticated remote attacker can enumerate valid usernames/accounts on the server.\u00a0NOTE: D-Link states that a fix is under development.",
"id": "GHSA-mr7p-fqx6-72v7",
"modified": "2025-10-30T18:31:07Z",
"published": "2025-10-16T21:31:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-34254"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://supportannouncement.us.dlink.com/security/publication.aspx?name=SAP10472"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.dlink.com/en/for-business/nuclias/nuclias-connect"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/dlink-nuclias-connect-login-account-enumeration"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-MWVC-VGG7-3665
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-09-15 00:00 – Updated: 2022-09-15 00:00A remote, unauthenticated attacker can enumerate valid users by sending specific requests to the webservice of MB connect line mymbCONNECT24, mbCONNECT24 and Helmholz myREX24 and myREX24.virtual in all versions through v2.11.2.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-22520"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-204"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-09-14T14:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A remote, unauthenticated attacker can enumerate valid users by sending specific requests to the webservice of MB connect line mymbCONNECT24, mbCONNECT24 and Helmholz myREX24 and myREX24.virtual in all versions through v2.11.2.",
"id": "GHSA-mwvc-vgg7-3665",
"modified": "2022-09-15T00:00:19Z",
"published": "2022-09-15T00:00:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-22520"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cert.vde.com/en/advisories/VDE-2022-011"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cert.vde.com/en/advisories/VDE-2022-039"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-P436-PGQ7-FM99
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-21 21:31 – Updated: 2026-04-21 21:31Vulnerability in the MySQL Shell product of Oracle MySQL (component: Shell: Core Client). Supported versions that are affected are 8.0.0-8.0.45, 8.4.0-8.4.8 and 9.0.0-9.6.0. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows low privileged attacker with logon to the infrastructure where MySQL Shell executes to compromise MySQL Shell. Successful attacks require human interaction from a person other than the attacker. Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in unauthorized ability to cause a hang or frequently repeatable crash (complete DOS) of MySQL Shell. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 5.0 (Availability impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H).
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-34319"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-204"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-21T21:16:37Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Vulnerability in the MySQL Shell product of Oracle MySQL (component: Shell: Core Client). Supported versions that are affected are 8.0.0-8.0.45, 8.4.0-8.4.8 and 9.0.0-9.6.0. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows low privileged attacker with logon to the infrastructure where MySQL Shell executes to compromise MySQL Shell. Successful attacks require human interaction from a person other than the attacker. Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in unauthorized ability to cause a hang or frequently repeatable crash (complete DOS) of MySQL Shell. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 5.0 (Availability impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H).",
"id": "GHSA-p436-pgq7-fm99",
"modified": "2026-04-21T21:31:27Z",
"published": "2026-04-21T21:31:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-34319"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpuapr2026.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-P8Q5-CVWX-WVWP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-03 15:26 – Updated: 2025-04-09 20:01Impact
User enumeration in database authentication in Flask-AppBuilder <= 4.5.3 and werkzeug >= 3.0.0. Allows for a non authenticated user to enumerate existing usernames by timing the response time from the server when brute forcing requests to login.
Patches
Upgrade to flask-appbuilder>=4.5.3
Workarounds
Downgrade werkzeug to <3.0.0
References
Are there any links users can visit to find out more?
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "flask-appbuilder"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "4.5.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-24023"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-204"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-03-03T15:26:03Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-03-03T16:15:41Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "### Impact\nUser enumeration in database authentication in Flask-AppBuilder \u003c= 4.5.3 and werkzeug \u003e= 3.0.0. Allows for a non authenticated user to enumerate existing usernames by timing the response time from the server when brute forcing requests to login.\n\n### Patches\n\nUpgrade to flask-appbuilder\u003e=4.5.3\n\n### Workarounds\nDowngrade werkzeug to \u003c3.0.0\n\n### References\n_Are there any links users can visit to find out more?_",
"id": "GHSA-p8q5-cvwx-wvwp",
"modified": "2025-04-09T20:01:40Z",
"published": "2025-03-03T15:26:03Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/dpgaspar/Flask-AppBuilder/security/advisories/GHSA-p8q5-cvwx-wvwp"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-24023"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/dpgaspar/Flask-AppBuilder"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/flask-appbuilder/PYSEC-2025-15.yaml"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Flask-AppBuilder Observable Response Discrepancy"
}
GHSA-P996-89CM-88C6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-26 18:31 – Updated: 2026-08-26 18:31Automatisch reveals whether an address is registered through the response to its forgot-password request. The controller at packages/backend/src/controllers/internal/api/v1/users/forgot-password.js looks the address up and chains a not-found throw onto the query, so an address with no account raises an error that the global handler renders as a not-found status, while a registered address proceeds to send the reset message and returns no-content. The route is mounted without authentication. Submitting candidate addresses and comparing the two status codes therefore establishes which addresses hold accounts, with no credential and no rate limiting in the path.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-81033"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-204"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-08-26T16:16:46Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Automatisch reveals whether an address is registered through the response to its forgot-password request. The controller at packages/backend/src/controllers/internal/api/v1/users/forgot-password.js looks the address up and chains a not-found throw onto the query, so an address with no account raises an error that the global handler renders as a not-found status, while a registered address proceeds to send the reset message and returns no-content. The route is mounted without authentication. Submitting candidate addresses and comparing the two status codes therefore establishes which addresses hold accounts, with no credential and no rate limiting in the path.",
"id": "GHSA-p996-89cm-88c6",
"modified": "2026-08-26T18:31:56Z",
"published": "2026-08-26T18:31:56Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-81033"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/automatisch/automatisch/issues/2713"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/automatisch/automatisch"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/automatisch/automatisch/blob/v0.15.0/packages/backend/src/controllers/internal/api/v1/users/forgot-password.js"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/automatisch-through-0.15.0-user-enumeration-via-forgot-password-response-discrepancy"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-PC2Q-2R77-C6MP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-11 09:30 – Updated: 2025-05-16 15:30HCL MyXalytics is affected by username enumeration vulnerability. This allows a malicious user to perform enumeration of application users, and therefore compile a list of valid usernames.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-42174"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-203",
"CWE-204"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-01-11T07:15:09Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "HCL MyXalytics is affected by username enumeration vulnerability. This allows a malicious user to perform enumeration of application users, and therefore\u00a0compile a list of valid usernames.",
"id": "GHSA-pc2q-2r77-c6mp",
"modified": "2025-05-16T15:30:32Z",
"published": "2025-01-11T09:30:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-42174"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.hcl-software.com/csm?id=kb_article\u0026sysparm_article=KB0118149"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PC73-RJ2C-WVF9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-01 06:30 – Updated: 2026-01-02 15:52In Gitea before 1.25.2, /api/v1/user has different responses for failed authentication depending on whether a username exists.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "code.gitea.io/gitea"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.25.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-69413"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-204"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-01-02T15:52:49Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-01-01T05:16:03Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In Gitea before 1.25.2, /api/v1/user has different responses for failed authentication depending on whether a username exists.",
"id": "GHSA-pc73-rj2c-wvf9",
"modified": "2026-01-02T15:52:49Z",
"published": "2026-01-01T06:30:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-69413"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/issues/35984"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/pull/36002"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://blog.gitea.com/release-of-1.25.2"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/releases/tag/v1.25.2"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Gitea\u0027s /api/v1/user endpoint has different responses for failed authentication depending on whether a username exists"
}
GHSA-PFJX-QRVM-2H2R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-07-06 21:14 – Updated: 2024-04-04 05:45Teltonika’s Remote Management System versions prior to 4.10.0 contain a function that allows users to claim their devices. This function returns information based on whether the serial number of a device has already been claimed, the MAC address of a device has already been claimed, or whether the attempt to claim a device was successful. An attacker could exploit this to create a list of the serial numbers and MAC addresses of all devices cloud-connected to the Remote Management System.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-32346"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-204"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-05-22T15:15:09Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "\nTeltonika\u2019s Remote Management System versions prior to 4.10.0 contain a function that allows users to claim their devices. This function returns information based on whether the serial number of a device has already been claimed, the MAC address of a device has already been claimed, or whether the attempt to claim a device was successful. An attacker could exploit this to create a list of the serial numbers and MAC addresses of all devices cloud-connected to the Remote Management System.\n\n",
"id": "GHSA-pfjx-qrvm-2h2r",
"modified": "2024-04-04T05:45:22Z",
"published": "2023-07-06T21:14:59Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-32346"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-23-131-08"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PHCR-V9CH-26R8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-13 21:31 – Updated: 2026-04-17 15:31Observable response discrepancy vulnerability in OpenText™ Vertica allows Password Brute Forcing. The vulnerability could lead to Password Brute Forcing in Vertica management console application.This issue affects Vertica: from 10.0 through 10.X, from 11.0 through 11.X, from 12.0 through 12.X.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-12455"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-204"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-13T19:53:47Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Observable response discrepancy vulnerability in OpenText\u2122 Vertica allows Password Brute Forcing.\u00a0\u00a0\nThe vulnerability could lead to Password Brute Forcing in Vertica management console application.This issue affects Vertica: from 10.0 through 10.X, from 11.0 through 11.X, from 12.0 through 12.X.",
"id": "GHSA-phcr-v9ch-26r8",
"modified": "2026-04-17T15:31:06Z",
"published": "2026-03-13T21:31:45Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-12455"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://portal.microfocus.com/s/article/KM000045854?language=en_US"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:N/AU:Y/R:U/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-46
Strategy: Separation of Privilege
- Compartmentalize the system to have "safe" areas where trust boundaries can be unambiguously drawn. Do not allow sensitive data to go outside of the trust boundary and always be careful when interfacing with a compartment outside of the safe area.
- Ensure that appropriate compartmentalization is built into the system design, and the compartmentalization allows for and reinforces privilege separation functionality. Architects and designers should rely on the principle of least privilege to decide the appropriate time to use privileges and the time to drop privileges.
Mitigation MIT-39
- Ensure that error messages only contain minimal details that are useful to the intended audience and no one else. The messages need to strike the balance between being too cryptic (which can confuse users) or being too detailed (which may reveal more than intended). The messages should not reveal the methods that were used to determine the error. Attackers can use detailed information to refine or optimize their original attack, thereby increasing their chances of success.
- If errors must be captured in some detail, record them in log messages, but consider what could occur if the log messages can be viewed by attackers. Highly sensitive information such as passwords should never be saved to log files.
- Avoid inconsistent messaging that might accidentally tip off an attacker about internal state, such as whether a user account exists or not.
CAPEC-331: ICMP IP Total Length Field Probe
An adversary sends a UDP packet to a closed port on the target machine to solicit an IP Header's total length field value within the echoed 'Port Unreachable" error message. This type of behavior is useful for building a signature-base of operating system responses, particularly when error messages contain other types of information that is useful identifying specific operating system responses.
CAPEC-332: ICMP IP 'ID' Field Error Message Probe
An adversary sends a UDP datagram having an assigned value to its internet identification field (ID) to a closed port on a target to observe the manner in which this bit is echoed back in the ICMP error message. This allows the attacker to construct a fingerprint of specific OS behaviors.
CAPEC-541: Application Fingerprinting
An adversary engages in fingerprinting activities to determine the type or version of an application installed on a remote target.
CAPEC-580: System Footprinting
An adversary engages in active probing and exploration activities to determine security information about a remote target system. Often times adversaries will rely on remote applications that can be probed for system configurations.