CWE-204
AllowedObservable Response Discrepancy
Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete
The product provides different responses to incoming requests in a way that reveals internal state information to an unauthorized actor outside of the intended control sphere.
365 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-26XJ-R8R2-VVGX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-12 15:31 – Updated: 2025-06-12 15:31For failed login attempts, the application returns different error messages depending on whether the login failed due to an incorrect password or a non-existing username. This allows an attacker to guess usernames until they find an existing one.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-49187"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-204"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-06-12T14:15:31Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "For failed login attempts, the application returns different error messages depending on whether the login failed due to an incorrect password or a non-existing username. This allows an attacker to guess usernames until they find an existing one.",
"id": "GHSA-26xj-r8r2-vvgx",
"modified": "2025-06-12T15:31:23Z",
"published": "2025-06-12T15:31:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-49187"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cdn.sick.com/media/docs/1/11/411/Special_information_CYBERSECURITY_BY_SICK_en_IM0084411.PDF"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://sick.com/psirt"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/resources-tools/resources/ics-recommended-practices"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3.1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.sick.com/.well-known/csaf/white/2025/sca-2025-0007.json"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.sick.com/.well-known/csaf/white/2025/sca-2025-0007.pdf"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-2FFW-H4MH-JJH5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-11-18 15:30 – Updated: 2025-11-20 15:30Windu CMS is vulnerable to User Enumeration. This issue occurs during logon, where a difference in messages could allow an attacker to determine if the login is valid or not, enabling a brute force attack with valid logins.
The vendor was notified early about this vulnerability, but didn't respond with the details of vulnerability or vulnerable version range. Only version 4.1 was tested and confirmed as vulnerable, other versions were not tested and might also be vulnerable.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-59116"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-204"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-11-18T15:16:34Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Windu CMS is vulnerable to User Enumeration. This issue occurs during logon, where a difference in messages could allow an attacker to determine if the login is valid or not, enabling a brute force attack with valid logins.\n\nThe vendor was notified early about this vulnerability, but didn\u0027t respond with the details of vulnerability or vulnerable version range. Only version 4.1 was tested and confirmed as vulnerable, other versions were not tested and might also be vulnerable.",
"id": "GHSA-2ffw-h4mh-jjh5",
"modified": "2025-11-20T15:30:20Z",
"published": "2025-11-18T15:30:56Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-59116"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cert.pl/posts/2025/11/CVE-2025-59110"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://windu.org"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-2M7M-JHX5-8CRH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-04 15:30 – Updated: 2024-05-04 15:30IBM Aspera Orchestrator 4.0.1 could allow a remote attacker to enumerate usernames due to observable response discrepancies. IBM X-Force ID: 248545.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-27283"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-203",
"CWE-204"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-05-04T14:16:01Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "IBM Aspera Orchestrator 4.0.1 could allow a remote attacker to enumerate usernames due to observable response discrepancies. IBM X-Force ID: 248545.",
"id": "GHSA-2m7m-jhx5-8crh",
"modified": "2024-05-04T15:30:31Z",
"published": "2024-05-04T15:30:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-27283"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/248545"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7150191"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-2PW7-5GJQ-98F6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-23 18:31 – Updated: 2025-10-23 18:31Tibbo AggreGate Network Manager < 6.40.05 contains an observable response discrepancy in its login functionality. Authentication failure messages differ based on whether a supplied username exists or not, allowing an unauthenticated remote attacker to infer valid account identifiers. This can facilitate user enumeration and increase the likelihood of targeted brute-force or credential-stuffing attacks.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-34155"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-204"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-10-23T17:15:36Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Tibbo AggreGate Network Manager \u003c 6.40.05 contains an observable response discrepancy in its login functionality. Authentication failure messages differ based on whether a supplied username exists or not, allowing an unauthenticated remote attacker to infer valid account identifiers. This can facilitate user enumeration and increase the likelihood of targeted brute-force or credential-stuffing attacks.",
"id": "GHSA-2pw7-5gjq-98f6",
"modified": "2025-10-23T18:31:15Z",
"published": "2025-10-23T18:31:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-34155"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://aggregate.digital/downloads.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://aggregate.digital/products/network-manager.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/tibbo-aggregate-network-manager-login-functionality-user-enumeration"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-2QW7-7PGW-GPC4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-21 00:31 – Updated: 2026-08-21 00:31Observable response discrepancy in Azure Stack HCI allows an unauthorized attacker to disclose information over a network.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-69519"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-204"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-08-20T22:18:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Observable response discrepancy in Azure Stack HCI allows an unauthorized attacker to disclose information over a network.",
"id": "GHSA-2qw7-7pgw-gpc4",
"modified": "2026-08-21T00:31:22Z",
"published": "2026-08-21T00:31:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-69519"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2026-69519"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-2R6R-CM6P-CM76
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-23 21:30 – Updated: 2026-09-24 09:31A flaw was found in the Ansible Automation Platform automation-controller. The unauthenticated Bitbucket Data Center webhook receiver skips HMAC signature verification for diagnostics:ping events after it has already looked up the target template, causing the endpoint to return HTTP 200 for a template that has a Bitbucket DC webhook configured and HTTP 403 otherwise. An unauthenticated remote attacker can use this response discrepancy as an oracle to enumerate which Job Template and Workflow Job Template IDs have Bitbucket DC webhooks configured, without knowing the secret webhook_key.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-84717"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-204"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-09-23T20:17:18Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A flaw was found in the Ansible Automation Platform automation-controller. The unauthenticated\nBitbucket Data Center webhook receiver skips HMAC signature verification for diagnostics:ping\nevents after it has already looked up the target template, causing the endpoint to return HTTP\n200 for a template that has a Bitbucket DC webhook configured and HTTP 403 otherwise. An\nunauthenticated remote attacker can use this response discrepancy as an oracle to enumerate\nwhich Job Template and Workflow Job Template IDs have Bitbucket DC webhooks configured, without\nknowing the secret webhook_key.",
"id": "GHSA-2r6r-cm6p-cm76",
"modified": "2026-09-24T09:31:50Z",
"published": "2026-09-23T21:30:58Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-84717"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:71113"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:71114"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:71177"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:71179"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-84717"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2527210"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-2WM8-Q2CF-P9FX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-23 21:30 – Updated: 2026-09-24 09:31URLModificationMiddleware resolves named-URL lookups against unfiltered Model.objects before RBAC. The 403→404 shim only rewrites 403 responses, leaving the pk=0 miss path with a different 404 detail string. Differential "Not found." vs "No matches..." reveals whether a named resource (org, credential, inventory, host) exists anywhere on the platform. Enables cross-tenant internal hostname enumeration.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-71458"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-204"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-09-23T19:19:01Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "URLModificationMiddleware resolves named-URL lookups\n against unfiltered Model.objects before RBAC. The 403\u2192404\n shim only rewrites 403 responses, leaving the pk=0 miss\n path with a different 404 detail string. Differential\n \"Not found.\" vs \"No \u003cModel\u003e matches...\" reveals whether\n a named resource (org, credential, inventory, host) exists\n anywhere on the platform. Enables cross-tenant internal\n hostname enumeration.",
"id": "GHSA-2wm8-q2cf-p9fx",
"modified": "2026-09-24T09:31:49Z",
"published": "2026-09-23T21:30:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-71458"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:71113"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:71114"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:71177"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:71179"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-71458"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2512367"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-347X-877P-HCWX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2020-05-13 22:19 – Updated: 2024-12-03 21:36In TYPO3 CMS 10.4.0 through 10.4.1, it has been discovered that time-based attacks can be used with the password reset functionality for backend users. This allows an attacker to mount user enumeration based on email addresses assigned to backend user accounts.
This has been fixed in 10.4.2.
References
- https://typo3.org/security/advisory/typo3-core-sa-2020-001
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "typo3/cms-core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "10.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "10.4.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "typo3/cms"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "10.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "10.4.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-11063"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-203",
"CWE-204"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2020-05-13T22:16:54Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2020-05-13T23:15:11Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "In TYPO3 CMS 10.4.0 through 10.4.1, it has been discovered that time-based attacks can be used with the password reset functionality for backend users. This allows an attacker to mount user enumeration based on email addresses assigned to backend user accounts.\n\nThis has been fixed in 10.4.2.\n\n### References\n* https://typo3.org/security/advisory/typo3-core-sa-2020-001",
"id": "GHSA-347x-877p-hcwx",
"modified": "2024-12-03T21:36:01Z",
"published": "2020-05-13T22:19:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/TYPO3/TYPO3.CMS/security/advisories/GHSA-347x-877p-hcwx"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/TYPO3/typo3/security/advisories/GHSA-347x-877p-hcwx"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-11063"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/TYPO3/typo3/commit/14929b98ecda0ce67329b0f25ca7c01ee85df574"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/FriendsOfPHP/security-advisories/blob/master/typo3/cms-core/CVE-2020-11063.yaml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/FriendsOfPHP/security-advisories/blob/master/typo3/cms/CVE-2020-11063.yaml"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/TYPO3/typo3"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://typo3.org/security/advisory/typo3-core-sa-2020-001"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Information Disclosure in Password Reset"
}
GHSA-34X2-M38G-824F
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-13 21:31 – Updated: 2026-03-18 15:30Improper permission enforcement in Checkmk versions 2.4.0 before 2.4.0p23, 2.3.0 before 2.3.0p43, and 2.2.0 (EOL) allows authenticated users to enumerate existing hosts by observing different HTTP response codes in agent-receiver/register_existing endpoint, which could lead to information disclosure.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-24097"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-204"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-13T19:54:16Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Improper permission enforcement in Checkmk versions 2.4.0 before 2.4.0p23, 2.3.0 before 2.3.0p43, and 2.2.0 (EOL) allows authenticated users to enumerate existing hosts by observing different HTTP response codes in agent-receiver/register_existing endpoint, which could lead to information disclosure.",
"id": "GHSA-34x2-m38g-824f",
"modified": "2026-03-18T15:30:42Z",
"published": "2026-03-13T21:31:46Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-24097"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://checkmk.com/werk/18993"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-36GF-GHCV-F3QQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-09-10 12:30 – Updated: 2024-09-10 12:30A vulnerability has been identified in Mendix Runtime V10 (All versions < V10.14.0 only if the basic authentication mechanism is used by the application), Mendix Runtime V10.12 (All versions < V10.12.2 only if the basic authentication mechanism is used by the application), Mendix Runtime V10.6 (All versions < V10.6.12 only if the basic authentication mechanism is used by the application), Mendix Runtime V8 (All versions only if the basic authentication mechanism is used by the application), Mendix Runtime V9 (All versions < V9.24.26 only if the basic authentication mechanism is used by the application). The authentication mechanism of affected applications contains an observable response discrepancy vulnerability when validating usernames. This could allow unauthenticated remote attackers to distinguish between valid and invalid usernames.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-49069"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-204"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-09-10T10:15:08Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability has been identified in Mendix Runtime V10 (All versions \u003c V10.14.0 only if the basic authentication mechanism is used by the application), Mendix Runtime V10.12 (All versions \u003c V10.12.2 only if the basic authentication mechanism is used by the application), Mendix Runtime V10.6 (All versions \u003c V10.6.12 only if the basic authentication mechanism is used by the application), Mendix Runtime V8 (All versions only if the basic authentication mechanism is used by the application), Mendix Runtime V9 (All versions \u003c V9.24.26 only if the basic authentication mechanism is used by the application). The authentication mechanism of affected applications contains an observable response discrepancy vulnerability when validating usernames. This could allow unauthenticated remote attackers to distinguish between valid and invalid usernames.",
"id": "GHSA-36gf-ghcv-f3qq",
"modified": "2024-09-10T12:30:37Z",
"published": "2024-09-10T12:30:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-49069"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-097435.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-46
Strategy: Separation of Privilege
- Compartmentalize the system to have "safe" areas where trust boundaries can be unambiguously drawn. Do not allow sensitive data to go outside of the trust boundary and always be careful when interfacing with a compartment outside of the safe area.
- Ensure that appropriate compartmentalization is built into the system design, and the compartmentalization allows for and reinforces privilege separation functionality. Architects and designers should rely on the principle of least privilege to decide the appropriate time to use privileges and the time to drop privileges.
Mitigation MIT-39
- Ensure that error messages only contain minimal details that are useful to the intended audience and no one else. The messages need to strike the balance between being too cryptic (which can confuse users) or being too detailed (which may reveal more than intended). The messages should not reveal the methods that were used to determine the error. Attackers can use detailed information to refine or optimize their original attack, thereby increasing their chances of success.
- If errors must be captured in some detail, record them in log messages, but consider what could occur if the log messages can be viewed by attackers. Highly sensitive information such as passwords should never be saved to log files.
- Avoid inconsistent messaging that might accidentally tip off an attacker about internal state, such as whether a user account exists or not.
CAPEC-331: ICMP IP Total Length Field Probe
An adversary sends a UDP packet to a closed port on the target machine to solicit an IP Header's total length field value within the echoed 'Port Unreachable" error message. This type of behavior is useful for building a signature-base of operating system responses, particularly when error messages contain other types of information that is useful identifying specific operating system responses.
CAPEC-332: ICMP IP 'ID' Field Error Message Probe
An adversary sends a UDP datagram having an assigned value to its internet identification field (ID) to a closed port on a target to observe the manner in which this bit is echoed back in the ICMP error message. This allows the attacker to construct a fingerprint of specific OS behaviors.
CAPEC-541: Application Fingerprinting
An adversary engages in fingerprinting activities to determine the type or version of an application installed on a remote target.
CAPEC-580: System Footprinting
An adversary engages in active probing and exploration activities to determine security information about a remote target system. Often times adversaries will rely on remote applications that can be probed for system configurations.