CWE-201
AllowedInsertion of Sensitive Information Into Sent Data
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The code transmits data to another actor, but a portion of the data includes sensitive information that should not be accessible to that actor.
750 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-WQ23-6P2Q-RGC7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-22 18:30 – Updated: 2026-04-23 18:32Insertion of Sensitive Information Into Sent Data vulnerability in Johan Jonk Stenström Cookies and Content Security Policy cookies-and-content-security-policy allows Retrieve Embedded Sensitive Data.This issue affects Cookies and Content Security Policy: from n/a through <= 2.34.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-63019"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-201"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-01-22T17:15:59Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Insertion of Sensitive Information Into Sent Data vulnerability in Johan Jonk Stenstr\u00f6m Cookies and Content Security Policy cookies-and-content-security-policy allows Retrieve Embedded Sensitive Data.This issue affects Cookies and Content Security Policy: from n/a through \u003c= 2.34.",
"id": "GHSA-wq23-6p2q-rgc7",
"modified": "2026-04-23T18:32:23Z",
"published": "2026-01-22T18:30:33Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-63019"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/cookies-and-content-security-policy/vulnerability/wordpress-cookies-and-content-security-policy-plugin-2-34-sensitive-data-exposure-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-WRM3-H327-J8WH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-11-06 15:30 – Updated: 2023-11-06 15:30An issue has been discovered in GitLab EE affecting all versions starting from 11.6 before 16.3.6, all versions starting from 16.4 before 16.4.2, all versions starting from 16.5 before 16.5.1. It was possible for an unauthorised project or group member to read the CI/CD variables using the custom project templates.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-3399"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-201",
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-11-06T13:15:09Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An issue has been discovered in GitLab EE affecting all versions starting from 11.6 before 16.3.6, all versions starting from 16.4 before 16.4.2, all versions starting from 16.5 before 16.5.1. It was possible for an unauthorised project or group member to read the CI/CD variables using the custom project templates.",
"id": "GHSA-wrm3-h327-j8wh",
"modified": "2023-11-06T15:30:31Z",
"published": "2023-11-06T15:30:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-3399"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://hackerone.com/reports/2021616"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/416244"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-WRR4-782V-JHWH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-25 17:46 – Updated: 2026-06-25 17:46Summary
The /list_relationships and /retrieve_graph_neighborhood endpoints call getAuthenticatedUserId (confirming a valid session exists) but do not pass the resolved user ID into the Supabase query as an .eq("user_id", userId) filter. As a result, queries return rows from all users rather than scoping to the authenticated caller's data.
Affected code
/list_relationships (src/actions.ts):
- Calls getAuthenticatedUserId but does not apply .eq("user_id", userId) to the relationships query
- Uses .or() string interpolation for entity ID matching without input validation
/retrieve_graph_neighborhood (src/actions.ts):
- Same pattern: auth resolved, user ID not applied to query filter
Affected versions
v0.13.0
Prerequisites
- A valid authentication token for the Neotoma instance (attacker must have a legitimate account on the same instance)
- A known entity ID belonging to another user (~96 bits of entropy — brute-force not practical)
An unauthenticated caller is rejected at the auth middleware layer. The gap requires a second user account on the instance.
Impact
An authenticated user with a known cross-user entity ID can retrieve relationship edges and graph neighborhood data belonging to another user. No write capability is exposed.
Severity
Low under current conditions — no multi-tenant deployments exist. Escalates to Medium the moment two or more user accounts share an instance.
Remediation
- Add
.eq("user_id", userId)to all Supabase queries in both handlers - Validate entity ID inputs with
isNeotomaEntityIdbefore query construction - Replace
.or()string interpolation with separate scoped.eq()calls
Fix tracked in #365 (list_relationships) and #366 (retrieve_graph_neighborhood). Gate gap tracked in #372.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "neotoma"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0.13.0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.14.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-201"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-06-25T17:46:49Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "## Summary\n\nThe `/list_relationships` and `/retrieve_graph_neighborhood` endpoints call `getAuthenticatedUserId` (confirming a valid session exists) but do not pass the resolved user ID into the Supabase query as an `.eq(\"user_id\", userId)` filter. As a result, queries return rows from all users rather than scoping to the authenticated caller\u0027s data.\n\n## Affected code\n\n**`/list_relationships`** (`src/actions.ts`):\n- Calls `getAuthenticatedUserId` but does not apply `.eq(\"user_id\", userId)` to the relationships query\n- Uses `.or()` string interpolation for entity ID matching without input validation\n\n**`/retrieve_graph_neighborhood`** (`src/actions.ts`):\n- Same pattern: auth resolved, user ID not applied to query filter\n\n## Affected versions\n\nv0.13.0\n\n## Prerequisites\n\n1. A valid authentication token for the Neotoma instance (attacker must have a legitimate account on the same instance)\n2. A known entity ID belonging to another user (~96 bits of entropy \u2014 brute-force not practical)\n\nAn unauthenticated caller is rejected at the auth middleware layer. The gap requires a second user account on the instance.\n\n## Impact\n\nAn authenticated user with a known cross-user entity ID can retrieve relationship edges and graph neighborhood data belonging to another user. No write capability is exposed.\n\n## Severity\n\nLow under current conditions \u2014 no multi-tenant deployments exist. Escalates to Medium the moment two or more user accounts share an instance.\n\n## Remediation\n\n1. Add `.eq(\"user_id\", userId)` to all Supabase queries in both handlers\n2. Validate entity ID inputs with `isNeotomaEntityId` before query construction\n3. Replace `.or()` string interpolation with separate scoped `.eq()` calls\n\nFix tracked in #365 (list_relationships) and #366 (retrieve_graph_neighborhood). Gate gap tracked in #372.",
"id": "GHSA-wrr4-782v-jhwh",
"modified": "2026-06-25T17:46:49Z",
"published": "2026-06-25T17:46:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/markmhendrickson/neotoma/security/advisories/GHSA-wrr4-782v-jhwh"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/markmhendrickson/neotoma/issues/365"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/markmhendrickson/neotoma/issues/366"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/markmhendrickson/neotoma/issues/372"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/markmhendrickson/neotoma"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:U",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "neotoma has tenant isolation gap in relationship query endpoints"
}
GHSA-WV7V-X5C8-PRV7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-25 15:32 – Updated: 2026-06-25 15:32Unauthenticated Sensitive Data Exposure in Vitepos <= 3.4.2 versions.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-54841"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-201"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-25T14:16:48Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Unauthenticated Sensitive Data Exposure in Vitepos \u003c= 3.4.2 versions.",
"id": "GHSA-wv7v-x5c8-prv7",
"modified": "2026-06-25T15:32:01Z",
"published": "2026-06-25T15:32:01Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-54841"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/vitepos-lite/vulnerability/wordpress-vitepos-plugin-3-4-2-sensitive-data-exposure-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-WXM7-6PXH-23QX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-27 09:31 – Updated: 2026-05-27 09:31Insertion of Sensitive Information Into Sent Data vulnerability in Tom GenerateBlocks allows Retrieve Embedded Sensitive Data.
This issue affects GenerateBlocks: from n/a through 2.1.0.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-48877"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-201"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-27T09:16:31Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Insertion of Sensitive Information Into Sent Data vulnerability in Tom GenerateBlocks allows Retrieve Embedded Sensitive Data.\n\nThis issue affects GenerateBlocks: from n/a through 2.1.0.",
"id": "GHSA-wxm7-6pxh-23qx",
"modified": "2026-05-27T09:31:17Z",
"published": "2026-05-27T09:31:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-48877"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/generateblocks/vulnerability/wordpress-generateblocks-plugin-2-1-0-sensitive-data-exposure-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-WXR4-47M6-332V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-31 15:32 – Updated: 2026-07-31 15:32Insertion of Sensitive Information Into Sent Data vulnerability in Flipper Code WP Maps allows Retrieve Embedded Sensitive Data.
This issue affects WP Maps: from n/a through 4.9.6.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-28144"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-201"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-07-31T14:16:49Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Insertion of Sensitive Information Into Sent Data vulnerability in Flipper Code WP Maps allows Retrieve Embedded Sensitive Data.\n\nThis issue affects WP Maps: from n/a through 4.9.6.",
"id": "GHSA-wxr4-47m6-332v",
"modified": "2026-07-31T15:32:49Z",
"published": "2026-07-31T15:32:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-28144"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/wp-google-map-plugin/vulnerability/wordpress-wp-maps-plugin-4-9-6-sensitive-data-exposure-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-X3CC-5QRM-92GC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-02 03:31 – Updated: 2025-12-02 15:30In GPU pdma, there is a possible information disclosure due to a missing bounds check. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is needed for exploitation. Patch ID: ALPS10117741; Issue ID: MSV-4538.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-20789"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-201"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-12-02T03:16:19Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In GPU pdma, there is a possible information disclosure due to a missing bounds check. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is needed for exploitation. Patch ID: ALPS10117741; Issue ID: MSV-4538.",
"id": "GHSA-x3cc-5qrm-92gc",
"modified": "2025-12-02T15:30:31Z",
"published": "2025-12-02T03:31:46Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-20789"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://corp.mediatek.com/product-security-bulletin/December-2025"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-X567-4GGX-Q7G2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-14 12:30 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:35Insertion of Sensitive Information Into Sent Data vulnerability in Brainstorm Force SureDash allows Retrieve Embedded Sensitive Data. This issue affects SureDash: from n/a through 1.1.0.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-54685"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-201"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-08-14T11:15:48Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Insertion of Sensitive Information Into Sent Data vulnerability in Brainstorm Force SureDash allows Retrieve Embedded Sensitive Data. This issue affects SureDash: from n/a through 1.1.0.",
"id": "GHSA-x567-4ggx-q7g2",
"modified": "2026-04-01T18:35:50Z",
"published": "2025-08-14T12:30:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-54685"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/suredash/vulnerability/wordpress-suredash-plugin-1-1-0-sensitive-data-exposure-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-X5FH-XFVR-GG7M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:43 – Updated: 2022-10-24 19:00Insertion of sensitive information into sent data vulnerability in synorelayd in Synology DiskStation Manager (DSM) before 6.2.3-25426-3 allows man-in-the-middle attackers to execute arbitrary commands via inbound QuickConnect traffic.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-26566"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-200",
"CWE-201"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-02-26T22:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Insertion of sensitive information into sent data vulnerability in synorelayd in Synology DiskStation Manager (DSM) before 6.2.3-25426-3 allows man-in-the-middle attackers to execute arbitrary commands via inbound QuickConnect traffic.",
"id": "GHSA-x5fh-xfvr-gg7m",
"modified": "2022-10-24T19:00:18Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:43:20Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-26566"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.synology.com/security/advisory/Synology_SA_20_26"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.talosintelligence.com/vulnerability_reports/TALOS-2020-1160"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-X622-HM6C-FM4F
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:12 – Updated: 2023-08-31 03:30Support bundle generated files could contain sensitive information that might be unwanted to be disclosed. This issue affects: ((OTRS)) Community Edition: 5.0.41 and prior versions, 6.0.26 and prior versions. OTRS: 7.0.15 and prior versions.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-1770"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-200",
"CWE-201"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-03-27T13:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Support bundle generated files could contain sensitive information that might be unwanted to be disclosed. This issue affects: ((OTRS)) Community Edition: 5.0.41 and prior versions, 6.0.26 and prior versions. OTRS: 7.0.15 and prior versions.",
"id": "GHSA-x622-hm6c-fm4f",
"modified": "2023-08-31T03:30:36Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:12:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-1770"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2020/05/msg00000.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2023/08/msg00040.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://otrs.com/release-notes/otrs-security-advisory-2020-07"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2020-04/msg00038.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2020-09/msg00066.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2020-09/msg00077.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
Specify which data in the software should be regarded as sensitive. Consider which types of users should have access to which types of data.
Mitigation
Ensure that any possibly sensitive data specified in the requirements is verified with designers to ensure that it is either a calculated risk or mitigated elsewhere. Any information that is not necessary to the functionality should be removed in order to lower both the overhead and the possibility of security sensitive data being sent.
Mitigation
Setup default error messages so that unexpected errors do not disclose sensitive information.
Mitigation MIT-46
Strategy: Separation of Privilege
- Compartmentalize the system to have "safe" areas where trust boundaries can be unambiguously drawn. Do not allow sensitive data to go outside of the trust boundary and always be careful when interfacing with a compartment outside of the safe area.
- Ensure that appropriate compartmentalization is built into the system design, and the compartmentalization allows for and reinforces privilege separation functionality. Architects and designers should rely on the principle of least privilege to decide the appropriate time to use privileges and the time to drop privileges.
CAPEC-12: Choosing Message Identifier
This pattern of attack is defined by the selection of messages distributed via multicast or public information channels that are intended for another client by determining the parameter value assigned to that client. This attack allows the adversary to gain access to potentially privileged information, and to possibly perpetrate other attacks through the distribution means by impersonation. If the channel/message being manipulated is an input rather than output mechanism for the system, (such as a command bus), this style of attack could be used to change the adversary's identifier to more a privileged one.
CAPEC-217: Exploiting Incorrectly Configured SSL/TLS
An adversary takes advantage of incorrectly configured SSL/TLS communications that enables access to data intended to be encrypted. The adversary may also use this type of attack to inject commands or other traffic into the encrypted stream to cause compromise of either the client or server.
CAPEC-612: WiFi MAC Address Tracking
In this attack scenario, the attacker passively listens for WiFi messages and logs the associated Media Access Control (MAC) addresses. These addresses are intended to be unique to each wireless device (although they can be configured and changed by software). Once the attacker is able to associate a MAC address with a particular user or set of users (for example, when attending a public event), the attacker can then scan for that MAC address to track that user in the future.
CAPEC-613: WiFi SSID Tracking
In this attack scenario, the attacker passively listens for WiFi management frame messages containing the Service Set Identifier (SSID) for the WiFi network. These messages are frequently transmitted by WiFi access points (e.g., the retransmission device) as well as by clients that are accessing the network (e.g., the handset/mobile device). Once the attacker is able to associate an SSID with a particular user or set of users (for example, when attending a public event), the attacker can then scan for this SSID to track that user in the future.
CAPEC-618: Cellular Broadcast Message Request
In this attack scenario, the attacker uses knowledge of the target’s mobile phone number (i.e., the number associated with the SIM used in the retransmission device) to cause the cellular network to send broadcast messages to alert the mobile device. Since the network knows which cell tower the target’s mobile device is attached to, the broadcast messages are only sent in the Location Area Code (LAC) where the target is currently located. By triggering the cellular broadcast message and then listening for the presence or absence of that message, an attacker could verify that the target is in (or not in) a given location.
CAPEC-619: Signal Strength Tracking
In this attack scenario, the attacker passively monitors the signal strength of the target’s cellular RF signal or WiFi RF signal and uses the strength of the signal (with directional antennas and/or from multiple listening points at once) to identify the source location of the signal. Obtaining the signal of the target can be accomplished through multiple techniques such as through Cellular Broadcast Message Request or through the use of IMSI Tracking or WiFi MAC Address Tracking.
CAPEC-621: Analysis of Packet Timing and Sizes
An attacker may intercept and log encrypted transmissions for the purpose of analyzing metadata such as packet timing and sizes. Although the actual data may be encrypted, this metadata may reveal valuable information to an attacker. Note that this attack is applicable to VOIP data as well as application data, especially for interactive apps that require precise timing and low-latency (e.g. thin-clients).
CAPEC-622: Electromagnetic Side-Channel Attack
In this attack scenario, the attacker passively monitors electromagnetic emanations that are produced by the targeted electronic device as an unintentional side-effect of its processing. From these emanations, the attacker derives information about the data that is being processed (e.g. the attacker can recover cryptographic keys by monitoring emanations associated with cryptographic processing). This style of attack requires proximal access to the device, however attacks have been demonstrated at public conferences that work at distances of up to 10-15 feet. There have not been any significant studies to determine the maximum practical distance for such attacks. Since the attack is passive, it is nearly impossible to detect and the targeted device will continue to operate as normal after a successful attack.
CAPEC-623: Compromising Emanations Attack
Compromising Emanations (CE) are defined as unintentional signals which an attacker may intercept and analyze to disclose the information processed by the targeted equipment. Commercial mobile devices and retransmission devices have displays, buttons, microchips, and radios that emit mechanical emissions in the form of sound or vibrations. Capturing these emissions can help an adversary understand what the device is doing.