CWE-190
AllowedInteger Overflow or Wraparound
Abstraction: Base · Status: Stable
The product performs a calculation that can produce an integer overflow or wraparound when the logic assumes that the resulting value will always be larger than the original value. This occurs when an integer value is incremented to a value that is too large to store in the associated representation. When this occurs, the value may become a very small or negative number.
4677 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-3JF6-CRCR-95MC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-10-13 21:37 – Updated: 2026-10-13 21:37Integer overflow or wraparound in Microsoft Office Excel allows an unauthorized attacker to execute code over a network.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-97778"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-190"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-10-13T19:22:15Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Integer overflow or wraparound in Microsoft Office Excel allows an unauthorized attacker to execute code over a network.",
"id": "GHSA-3jf6-crcr-95mc",
"modified": "2026-10-13T21:37:14Z",
"published": "2026-10-13T21:37:14Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-97778"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2026-97778"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-3JH2-P3QQ-V4P3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:04 – Updated: 2022-05-14 03:04The mintToken function of a smart contract implementation for DaddyToken, an Ethereum token, has an integer overflow that allows the owner of the contract to set the balance of an arbitrary user to any value.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-13493"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-190"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-07-09T06:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The mintToken function of a smart contract implementation for DaddyToken, an Ethereum token, has an integer overflow that allows the owner of the contract to set the balance of an arbitrary user to any value.",
"id": "GHSA-3jh2-p3qq-v4p3",
"modified": "2022-05-14T03:04:18Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T03:04:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-13493"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/BlockChainsSecurity/EtherTokens/blob/master/GEMCHAIN/mint%20integer%20overflow.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/BlockChainsSecurity/EtherTokens/tree/master/DaddyToken"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-3JHP-QV93-3428
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-10-27 03:32 – Updated: 2026-10-27 03:32llama.cpp b10398 before b11301 contains an integer overflow vulnerability in gguf_init_from_reader that allows attackers to bypass tensor element-count validation by supplying shapes whose product wraps to zero. Attackers can craft GGUF files with enormous tensor extents that overflow ggml_nbytes() and strides, causing out-of-bounds memory access when buffers are sized from wrapped byte counts.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-116829"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-190"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-10-27T01:19:06Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "llama.cpp b10398 before b11301 contains an integer overflow vulnerability in gguf_init_from_reader that allows attackers to bypass tensor element-count validation by supplying shapes whose product wraps to zero. Attackers can craft GGUF files with enormous tensor extents that overflow ggml_nbytes() and strides, causing out-of-bounds memory access when buffers are sized from wrapped byte counts.",
"id": "GHSA-3jhp-qv93-3428",
"modified": "2026-10-27T03:32:10Z",
"published": "2026-10-27T03:32:10Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-116829"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/issues/29383"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/pull/29384"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/commit/2149c00f4442dc59302e134a02e4c99d5f7ed9fc"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/blob/v0.5.0/ggml/src/gguf.cpp#L701"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/releases/tag/b11301"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/llama-cpp-b10398-before-b11301-integer-overflow-in-gguf-init-from-reader"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:L/VI:L/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-3JHW-VWP2-45MP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:09 – Updated: 2026-10-14 12:31An integer overflow in util-linux through 2.37.1 can potentially cause a buffer overflow if an attacker were able to use system resources in a way that leads to a large number in the /proc/sysvipc/sem file.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-37600"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-190"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-07-30T14:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "An integer overflow in util-linux through 2.37.1 can potentially cause a buffer overflow if an attacker were able to use system resources in a way that leads to a large number in the /proc/sysvipc/sem file.",
"id": "GHSA-3jhw-vwp2-45mp",
"modified": "2026-10-14T12:31:20Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:09:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-37600"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/karelzak/util-linux/issues/1395"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/karelzak/util-linux/commit/1c9143d0c1f979c3daf10e1c37b5b1e916c22a1c"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-398330.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2024/04/msg00005.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202401-08"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20210902-0002"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-3JV7-52CX-839R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:04 – Updated: 2022-05-14 03:04The sell function of a smart contract implementation for ICO Dollar (ICOD), an Ethereum token, has an integer overflow in which "amount * sellPrice" can be zero, consequently reducing a seller's assets.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-13218"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-190"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-07-05T02:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The sell function of a smart contract implementation for ICO Dollar (ICOD), an Ethereum token, has an integer overflow in which \"amount * sellPrice\" can be zero, consequently reducing a seller\u0027s assets.",
"id": "GHSA-3jv7-52cx-839r",
"modified": "2022-05-14T03:04:47Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T03:04:47Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-13218"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/BlockChainsSecurity/EtherTokens/blob/master/ETHEREUMBLACK/sell%20integer%20overflow.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/BlockChainsSecurity/EtherTokens/tree/master/ICODollar"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-3JXR-5523-52VG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-24 18:32 – Updated: 2026-06-28 09:31In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
smb/client: fix possible infinite loop and oob read in symlink_data()
On 32-bit architectures, the infinite loop is as follows:
len = p->ErrorDataLength == 0xfffffff8 u8 *next = p->ErrorContextData + len next == p
On 32-bit architectures, the out-of-bounds read is as follows:
len = p->ErrorDataLength == 0xfffffff0 u8 *next = p->ErrorContextData + len next == (u8 *)p - 8
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-52967"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125",
"CWE-190"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-24T17:17:07Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nsmb/client: fix possible infinite loop and oob read in symlink_data()\n\nOn 32-bit architectures, the infinite loop is as follows:\n\n len = p-\u003eErrorDataLength == 0xfffffff8\n u8 *next = p-\u003eErrorContextData + len\n next == p\n\nOn 32-bit architectures, the out-of-bounds read is as follows:\n\n len = p-\u003eErrorDataLength == 0xfffffff0\n u8 *next = p-\u003eErrorContextData + len\n next == (u8 *)p - 8",
"id": "GHSA-3jxr-5523-52vg",
"modified": "2026-06-28T09:31:37Z",
"published": "2026-06-24T18:32:41Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-52967"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/1b9331b16b0ed9414dcf7583d8134bdfeb117aae"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/1cfa2d59f669db28d6292d10ff87ca6837c781b0"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/7d9a7f1f96cd617ee9e75bb22217c709038e26b8"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/97a05b0ae9ea5ec052be2eef0f9cc7ce03501bbb"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/b41598bf54b3fe528994e573df6008f8f4d0a4f4"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/cd4b9b662f0fb9aa97ee6bf9034eca76fc6cab23"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-3M54-GW4X-32MF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-02-12 06:30 – Updated: 2023-02-21 18:30In wlan driver, there is a possible missing params check. This could lead to local denial of service in wlan services.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-38680"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-190"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-02-12T04:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In wlan driver, there is a possible missing params check. This could lead to local denial of service in wlan services.",
"id": "GHSA-3m54-gw4x-32mf",
"modified": "2023-02-21T18:30:17Z",
"published": "2023-02-12T06:30:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-38680"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.unisoc.com/en_us/secy/announcementDetail/1621031430231134210"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-3M56-7QX9-V4M7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-25 21:31 – Updated: 2026-08-26 18:31Integer overflow in WebGL in Google Chrome prior to 152.0.7977.65 allowed a remote attacker to potentially execute arbitrary code outside the sandbox via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-79215"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-190"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-08-25T21:18:15Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Integer overflow in WebGL in Google Chrome prior to 152.0.7977.65 allowed a remote attacker to potentially execute arbitrary code outside the sandbox via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: Medium)",
"id": "GHSA-3m56-7qx9-v4m7",
"modified": "2026-08-26T18:31:47Z",
"published": "2026-08-25T21:31:43Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-79215"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2026/08/stable-channel-update-for-desktop_0256176589.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://issues.chromium.org/issues/513760788"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-3M7C-3JM4-QC8P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-15 06:32 – Updated: 2026-08-17 06:33In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
drbd: reject data replies with an out-of-range payload size
recv_dless_read() receives a P_DATA_REPLY from a peer into the bio of an outstanding read request. The peer-supplied payload length reaches it as the signed int data_size, and two peer-controlled inputs can make it negative. With a negotiated data-integrity-alg the digest length is subtracted first, so a reply whose payload is smaller than the digest underflows data_size. With no integrity algorithm (the default) data_size is assigned from the unsigned h95/h100 wire length and drbdd() never bounds it for a payload-carrying command, so a length above INT_MAX casts it negative; this path needs no non-default feature. The bio receive loop then computes expect = min_t(int, data_size, bv_len), which is negative, and drbd_recv_all_warn(mapped, expect) receives with a size_t of SIZE_MAX into the first mapped page.
The sibling receive path read_in_block() is not affected: it uses an unsigned size and rejects it against DRBD_MAX_BIO_SIZE before receiving. Reject a data reply whose size is negative after the optional digest subtraction, covering both triggers.
Impact: a malicious or man-in-the-middle DRBD peer copies attacker-chosen bytes past a bio page in the receiver, corrupting kernel memory. A node that reads from its peer (a diskless node, or read-balancing to the peer) is exposed in the default configuration; data-integrity-alg is not required.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-72014"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-190"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-08-15T06:21:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\ndrbd: reject data replies with an out-of-range payload size\n\nrecv_dless_read() receives a P_DATA_REPLY from a peer into the bio of an\noutstanding read request. The peer-supplied payload length reaches it as\nthe signed int data_size, and two peer-controlled inputs can make it\nnegative. With a negotiated data-integrity-alg the digest length is\nsubtracted first, so a reply whose payload is smaller than the digest\nunderflows data_size. With no integrity algorithm (the default) data_size\nis assigned from the unsigned h95/h100 wire length and drbdd() never\nbounds it for a payload-carrying command, so a length above INT_MAX casts\nit negative; this path needs no non-default feature. The bio receive loop\nthen computes expect = min_t(int, data_size, bv_len), which is negative,\nand drbd_recv_all_warn(mapped, expect) receives with a size_t of SIZE_MAX\ninto the first mapped page.\n\nThe sibling receive path read_in_block() is not affected: it uses an\nunsigned size and rejects it against DRBD_MAX_BIO_SIZE before receiving.\nReject a data reply whose size is negative after the optional digest\nsubtraction, covering both triggers.\n\nImpact: a malicious or man-in-the-middle DRBD peer copies attacker-chosen\nbytes past a bio page in the receiver, corrupting kernel memory. A node\nthat reads from its peer (a diskless node, or read-balancing to the peer)\nis exposed in the default configuration; data-integrity-alg is not\nrequired.",
"id": "GHSA-3m7c-3jm4-qc8p",
"modified": "2026-08-17T06:33:04Z",
"published": "2026-08-15T06:32:09Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-72014"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/38cc4867540ae8beedfe41a1a1a6ed37052c77d6"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/5f59a8142000f0b8f75c432209ead73c424a745d"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/648d4317326e6aa3f8c05cbf0fd14cc2eba6ca99"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/741a682535deffe9ab7e5c89caf83571efbc9dd9"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/bca33f5442c3094511719d9db792ce3165d87e76"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/bd910a7660d280595ef94cb6d193951d855d330f"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f14e87d7b166490bceb9603b39310e51595d05b9"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f16866c62656865854106b79bcf6e4ca97a51a92"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-3M7C-MWJ9-6P79
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:34 – Updated: 2024-03-21 03:33** UNSUPPORTED WHEN ASSIGNED ** An issue was discovered in ReadyTalk Avian 1.2.0 before 2020-10-27. The FileOutputStream.write() method in FileOutputStream.java has a boundary check to prevent out-of-bounds memory read/write operations. However, an integer overflow leads to bypassing this check and achieving the out-of-bounds access. NOTE: This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-28371"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-190"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-11-09T22:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "** UNSUPPORTED WHEN ASSIGNED ** An issue was discovered in ReadyTalk Avian 1.2.0 before 2020-10-27. The FileOutputStream.write() method in FileOutputStream.java has a boundary check to prevent out-of-bounds memory read/write operations. However, an integer overflow leads to bypassing this check and achieving the out-of-bounds access. NOTE: This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.",
"id": "GHSA-3m7c-mwj9-6p79",
"modified": "2024-03-21T03:33:56Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:34:03Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-28371"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ReadyTalk/avian/pull/572"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ReadyTalk/avian/commit/0871979b298add320ca63f65060acb7532c8a0dd"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
Ensure that all protocols are strictly defined, such that all out-of-bounds behavior can be identified simply, and require strict conformance to the protocol.
Mitigation MIT-3
Strategy: Language Selection
- Use a language that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- If possible, choose a language or compiler that performs automatic bounds checking.
Mitigation MIT-4
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
- Use libraries or frameworks that make it easier to handle numbers without unexpected consequences.
- Examples include safe integer handling packages such as SafeInt (C++) or IntegerLib (C or C++). [REF-106]
Mitigation MIT-8
Strategy: Input Validation
- Perform input validation on any numeric input by ensuring that it is within the expected range. Enforce that the input meets both the minimum and maximum requirements for the expected range.
- Use unsigned integers where possible. This makes it easier to perform validation for integer overflows. When signed integers are required, ensure that the range check includes minimum values as well as maximum values.
Mitigation MIT-36
- Understand the programming language's underlying representation and how it interacts with numeric calculation (CWE-681). Pay close attention to byte size discrepancies, precision, signed/unsigned distinctions, truncation, conversion and casting between types, "not-a-number" calculations, and how the language handles numbers that are too large or too small for its underlying representation. [REF-7]
- Also be careful to account for 32-bit, 64-bit, and other potential differences that may affect the numeric representation.
Mitigation MIT-15
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation MIT-26
Strategy: Compilation or Build Hardening
Examine compiler warnings closely and eliminate problems with potential security implications, such as signed / unsigned mismatch in memory operations, or use of uninitialized variables. Even if the weakness is rarely exploitable, a single failure may lead to the compromise of the entire system.
CAPEC-92: Forced Integer Overflow
This attack forces an integer variable to go out of range. The integer variable is often used as an offset such as size of memory allocation or similarly. The attacker would typically control the value of such variable and try to get it out of range. For instance the integer in question is incremented past the maximum possible value, it may wrap to become a very small, or negative number, therefore providing a very incorrect value which can lead to unexpected behavior. At worst the attacker can execute arbitrary code.