Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-122
AllowedHeap-based Buffer Overflow
Abstraction: Variant · Status: Draft
A heap overflow condition is a buffer overflow, where the buffer that can be overwritten is allocated in the heap portion of memory, generally meaning that the buffer was allocated using a routine such as malloc().
4099 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-X25X-VJRM-H7QQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-31 03:30 – Updated: 2025-12-31 03:30
VLAI
Details
pcap_ether_aton() is an auxiliary function in libpcap, it takes a string argument and returns a fixed-size allocated buffer. The string argument must be a well-formed MAC-48 address in one of the supported formats, but this requirement has been poorly documented. If an application calls the function with an argument that deviates from the expected format, the function can read data beyond the end of the provided string and write data beyond the end of the allocated buffer.
Severity
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-11961"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-122"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-12-31T01:15:54Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "pcap_ether_aton() is an auxiliary function in libpcap, it takes a string argument and returns a fixed-size allocated buffer. The string argument must be a well-formed MAC-48 address in one of the supported formats, but this requirement has been poorly documented. If an application calls the function with an argument that deviates from the expected format, the function can read data beyond the end of the provided string and write data beyond the end of the allocated buffer.",
"id": "GHSA-x25x-vjrm-h7qq",
"modified": "2025-12-31T03:30:34Z",
"published": "2025-12-31T03:30:33Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-11961"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/the-tcpdump-group/libpcap/commit/b2d2f9a9a0581c40780bde509f7cc715920f1c02"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-X273-GR5C-73W4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-11 18:32 – Updated: 2025-03-11 18:32
VLAI
Details
Heap-based buffer overflow in Microsoft Streaming Service allows an authorized attacker to elevate privileges locally.
Severity
7.8 (High)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-24067"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-122"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-03-11T17:16:29Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Heap-based buffer overflow in Microsoft Streaming Service allows an authorized attacker to elevate privileges locally.",
"id": "GHSA-x273-gr5c-73w4",
"modified": "2025-03-11T18:32:17Z",
"published": "2025-03-11T18:32:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-24067"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2025-24067"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-X282-2JWX-HVGG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-18 00:00 – Updated: 2022-05-27 00:01
VLAI
Details
Heap-based Buffer Overflow in GitHub repository vim/vim prior to 8.2.
Severity
7.8 (High)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-1733"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-122",
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-05-17T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Heap-based Buffer Overflow in GitHub repository vim/vim prior to 8.2.",
"id": "GHSA-x282-2jwx-hvgg",
"modified": "2022-05-27T00:01:39Z",
"published": "2022-05-18T00:00:36Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-1733"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/vim/vim/commit/60ae0e71490c97f2871a6344aca61cacf220f813"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://huntr.dev/bounties/6ff03b27-472b-4bef-a2bf-410fae65ff0a"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/BFAZTAT5CZC2R6KYDYA2HBAVEDSIX6MW"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/IUPOLEX5GXC733HL4EFYMHFU7NISJJZG"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/QKIX5HYKWXWG6QBCPPTPQ53GNOFHSAIS"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202208-32"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202305-16"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/kb/HT213488"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2022/Oct/28"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2022/Oct/41"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-X2HX-42X5-G535
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-15 21:30 – Updated: 2026-06-15 21:30
VLAI
Details
A heap buffer overflow in the Opus audio stream parser component of GPAC MP4Box v2.4 allows attackers to cause a Denial of Service (DoS) via supplying a crafted MP4 file.
Severity
5.5 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-55661"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-122"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-15T20:16:24Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A heap buffer overflow in the Opus audio stream parser component of GPAC MP4Box v2.4 allows attackers to cause a Denial of Service (DoS) via supplying a crafted MP4 file.",
"id": "GHSA-x2hx-42x5-g535",
"modified": "2026-06-15T21:30:37Z",
"published": "2026-06-15T21:30:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-55661"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://infosec.exchange/@sigdevel/116733907390103029"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/06/13/13"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-X2WR-F89P-CQWH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-19 12:30 – Updated: 2026-06-30 03:35
VLAI
Details
XML::Parser versions through 2.47 for Perl has an off-by-one heap buffer overflow in st_serial_stack.
In the case (stackptr == stacksize - 1), the stack will NOT be expanded. Then the new value will be written at location (++stackptr), which equals stacksize and therefore falls just outside the allocated buffer.
The bug can be observed when parsing an XML file with very deep element nesting
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2006-10003"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-122",
"CWE-193"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-19T12:16:17Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "XML::Parser versions through 2.47 for Perl has an off-by-one heap buffer overflow in st_serial_stack.\n\nIn the case (stackptr == stacksize - 1), the stack will NOT be expanded. Then the new value will be written at location (++stackptr), which equals stacksize and therefore falls just outside the allocated buffer.\n\nThe bug can be observed when parsing an XML file with very deep element nesting",
"id": "GHSA-x2wr-f89p-cqwh",
"modified": "2026-06-30T03:35:56Z",
"published": "2026-03-19T12:30:32Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2006-10003"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/cpan-authors/XML-Parser/issues/39"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/cpan-authors/XML-Parser/commit/3eb9cc95420fa0c3f76947c4708962546bf27cfd.patch"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2006/cve-2006-10003.json"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://rt.cpan.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=19860"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2026/04/msg00002.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2448999"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2006-10003"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:9605"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:9259"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:9258"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:9246"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:9110"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:8610"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:8609"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:8608"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:8578"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:8577"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:7681"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:7680"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:7679"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/03/19/2"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-X332-7VGM-8PP2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-19 03:30 – Updated: 2025-05-19 03:30
VLAI
Details
A malicious actor with access to the management network could execute a remote code execution (RCE) by exploiting a heap buffer overflow vulnerability in the UniFi Protect Cameras (Version 4.75.43 and earlier) firmware.
Severity
10.0 (Critical)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-23123"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-122"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-19T02:15:17Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "A malicious actor with access to the management network could execute a remote code execution (RCE) by exploiting a heap buffer overflow vulnerability in the UniFi Protect Cameras (Version 4.75.43 and earlier) firmware.",
"id": "GHSA-x332-7vgm-8pp2",
"modified": "2025-05-19T03:30:29Z",
"published": "2025-05-19T03:30:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-23123"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://community.ui.com/releases/Security-Advisory-Bulletin-047-047/cef86c37-7421-44fd-b251-84e76475a5bc"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-X33Q-M927-7MQ6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-12-29 09:30 – Updated: 2024-04-06 03:30
VLAI
Details
A vulnerability was found in MicroPython up to 1.21.0. It has been classified as critical. Affected is the function slice_indices of the file objslice.c. The manipulation leads to heap-based buffer overflow. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. Upgrading to version 1.22.0 is able to address this issue. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component. The identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-249180.
Severity
7.3 (High)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-7158"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-122",
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-12-29T07:15:11Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in MicroPython up to 1.21.0. It has been classified as critical. Affected is the function slice_indices of the file objslice.c. The manipulation leads to heap-based buffer overflow. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. Upgrading to version 1.22.0 is able to address this issue. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component. The identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-249180.",
"id": "GHSA-x33q-m927-7mq6",
"modified": "2024-04-06T03:30:26Z",
"published": "2023-12-29T09:30:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-7158"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/micropython/micropython/issues/13007"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/micropython/micropython/pull/13039"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/micropython/micropython/pull/13039/commits/f397a3ec318f3ad05aa287764ae7cef32202380f"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/micropython/micropython/releases/tag/v1.22.0"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/4E2HYWCZB5R4SHY4SZZZSFDMD64N4SOZ"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/D3WWY5JY4RTJE25APB4REGDUDPATG6H7"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/TEK46QAJOXXDZOWOIE2YACUOCZFWOBCK"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.249180"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.249180"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-X363-PJCF-82M7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-01 21:30 – Updated: 2024-07-03 18:38
VLAI
Details
Buffer-Overflow vulnerability at pcm_convert.h:513 of phiola v2.0-rc22 allows a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code via a crafted .wav file.
Severity
7.1 (High)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-33429"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-122"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-05-01T19:15:27Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Buffer-Overflow vulnerability at pcm_convert.h:513 of phiola v2.0-rc22 allows a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code via a crafted .wav file.",
"id": "GHSA-x363-pjcf-82m7",
"modified": "2024-07-03T18:38:26Z",
"published": "2024-05-01T21:30:38Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-33429"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/stsaz/phiola/issues/30"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Helson-S/FuzzyTesting/blob/master/phiola/heap-buffer-overflow-2/heap-buffer-overflow-2.assets/image-20240420011116818.png"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Helson-S/FuzzyTesting/blob/master/phiola/heap-buffer-overflow-2/heap-buffer-overflow-2.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Helson-S/FuzzyTesting/blob/master/phiola/heap-buffer-overflow-2/poc"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Helson-S/FuzzyTesting/tree/master/phiola/heap-buffer-overflow-2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/stsaz/phiola"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-X382-GGWJ-J3WQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-06-06 18:30 – Updated: 2024-06-06 18:30
VLAI
Details
Kofax Power PDF PSD File Parsing Heap-based Buffer Overflow Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of Kofax Power PDF. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file.
The specific flaw exists within the parsing of PSD files. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of the length of user-supplied data prior to copying it to a fixed-length heap-based buffer. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-22917.
Severity
7.8 (High)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-5301"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-122",
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-06-06T18:15:20Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Kofax Power PDF PSD File Parsing Heap-based Buffer Overflow Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of Kofax Power PDF. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file.\n\nThe specific flaw exists within the parsing of PSD files. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of the length of user-supplied data prior to copying it to a fixed-length heap-based buffer. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-22917.",
"id": "GHSA-x382-ggwj-j3wq",
"modified": "2024-06-06T18:30:58Z",
"published": "2024-06-06T18:30:58Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-5301"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-24-546"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-X3C8-VCR7-5M4V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-10-25 18:32 – Updated: 2024-09-18 06:30
VLAI
Details
A heap-based Buffer Overflow flaw was discovered in Samba. It could allow a remote, authenticated attacker to exploit this vulnerability to cause a denial of service.
Severity
5.9 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-5568"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-122",
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-10-25T18:17:43Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A heap-based Buffer Overflow flaw was discovered in Samba. It could allow a remote, authenticated attacker to exploit this vulnerability to cause a denial of service.",
"id": "GHSA-x3c8-vcr7-5m4v",
"modified": "2024-09-18T06:30:45Z",
"published": "2023-10-25T18:32:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-5568"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2023-5568"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2245174"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.samba.org/show_bug.cgi?id=15491"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20231124-0007"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.samba.org/samba/history/samba-4.19.2.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
Pre-design: Use a language or compiler that performs automatic bounds checking.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Use an abstraction library to abstract away risky APIs. Not a complete solution.
Mitigation MIT-10
Operation
Build and Compilation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Use automatic buffer overflow detection mechanisms that are offered by certain compilers or compiler extensions. Examples include: the Microsoft Visual Studio /GS flag, Fedora/Red Hat FORTIFY_SOURCE GCC flag, StackGuard, and ProPolice, which provide various mechanisms including canary-based detection and range/index checking.
- D3-SFCV (Stack Frame Canary Validation) from D3FEND [REF-1334] discusses canary-based detection in detail.
Mitigation MIT-11
Operation
Build and Compilation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Run or compile the software using features or extensions that randomly arrange the positions of a program's executable and libraries in memory. Because this makes the addresses unpredictable, it can prevent an attacker from reliably jumping to exploitable code.
- Examples include Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) [REF-58] [REF-60] and Position-Independent Executables (PIE) [REF-64]. Imported modules may be similarly realigned if their default memory addresses conflict with other modules, in a process known as "rebasing" (for Windows) and "prelinking" (for Linux) [REF-1332] using randomly generated addresses. ASLR for libraries cannot be used in conjunction with prelink since it would require relocating the libraries at run-time, defeating the whole purpose of prelinking.
- For more information on these techniques see D3-SAOR (Segment Address Offset Randomization) from D3FEND [REF-1335].
Mitigation
Implementation
Implement and perform bounds checking on input.
Mitigation
Implementation
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
Do not use dangerous functions such as gets. Look for their safe equivalent, which checks for the boundary.
Mitigation
Operation
Use OS-level preventative functionality. This is not a complete solution, but it provides some defense in depth.
CAPEC-92: Forced Integer Overflow
This attack forces an integer variable to go out of range. The integer variable is often used as an offset such as size of memory allocation or similarly. The attacker would typically control the value of such variable and try to get it out of range. For instance the integer in question is incremented past the maximum possible value, it may wrap to become a very small, or negative number, therefore providing a very incorrect value which can lead to unexpected behavior. At worst the attacker can execute arbitrary code.