Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-117

Allowed

Improper Output Neutralization for Logs

Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft

The product constructs a log message from external input, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements when the message is written to a log file.

211 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-939Q-9PXW-M29R

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-25 15:30 – Updated: 2025-01-25 15:30
VLAI
Details

IBM Maximo Application Suite 8.10.12, 8.11.0, 9.0.1, and 9.1.0 - Monitor Component does not neutralize output that is written to logs, which could allow an attacker to inject false log entries.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-35150"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-117"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-01-25T15:15:08Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "IBM Maximo Application Suite 8.10.12, 8.11.0, 9.0.1, and 9.1.0 - Monitor Component does not neutralize output that is written to logs, which could allow an attacker to inject false log entries.",
  "id": "GHSA-939q-9pxw-m29r",
  "modified": "2025-01-25T15:30:31Z",
  "published": "2025-01-25T15:30:31Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-35150"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7180057"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-93V9-VQWF-HHCG

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:34 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:34
VLAI
Details

lldptool version 1.0.1 and older can print a raw, unsanitized attacker controlled buffer when mngAddr information is displayed. This may allow an attacker to inject shell control characters into the buffer and impact the behavior of the terminal.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2018-10932"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-117",
      "CWE-119"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2018-08-21T18:29:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "lldptool version 1.0.1 and older can print a raw, unsanitized attacker controlled buffer when mngAddr information is displayed. This may allow an attacker to inject shell control characters into the buffer and impact the behavior of the terminal.",
  "id": "GHSA-93v9-vqwf-hhcg",
  "modified": "2022-05-13T01:34:53Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:34:53Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-10932"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/intel/openlldp/pull/7"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHBA-2019:2339"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2019:3673"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/cve-2018-10932"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1551623"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1614896"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=CVE-2018-10932"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/148721"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-95FM-5HCH-CCGX

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-30 06:30 – Updated: 2025-10-30 06:30
VLAI
Details

The Site Checkup Debug AI Troubleshooting with Wizard and Tips for Each Issue plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to log file poisoning in all versions up to, and including, 1.47. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to insert arbitrary content into log files, and potentially cause denial of service via disk space exhaustion.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-11627"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-117"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-10-30T06:15:43Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The Site Checkup Debug AI Troubleshooting with Wizard and Tips for Each Issue plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to log file poisoning in all versions up to, and including, 1.47. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to insert arbitrary content into log files, and potentially cause denial of service via disk space exhaustion.",
  "id": "GHSA-95fm-5hch-ccgx",
  "modified": "2025-10-30T06:30:54Z",
  "published": "2025-10-30T06:30:53Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-11627"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/site-checkup/tags/1.47/includes/catch-errors/class_bill_catch_errors.php#L80"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3380169"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/50251b17-58d7-4870-b825-a194312fb3e7?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-9GRR-C5H5-3W4H

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-27 18:32 – Updated: 2026-08-27 18:32
VLAI
Details

openssl-encrypt (pip package, versions <= 1.4.8) fails to sanitize filenames read from untrusted drive data (outside the AES-GCM authenticated manifest) before printing them in the verify-usb command's output. An attacker can plant filenames containing terminal cursor-movement and erase-line control bytes that repaint a forged PASSED verdict on screen, masking actual tamper detection. Fixed in 1.4.9 by routing drive-derived names through sanitize_for_display().

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-81694"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-117"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-08-27T17:20:59Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "openssl-encrypt (pip package, versions \u003c= 1.4.8) fails to sanitize filenames read from untrusted drive data (outside the AES-GCM authenticated manifest) before printing them in the verify-usb command\u0027s output. An attacker can plant filenames containing terminal cursor-movement and erase-line control bytes that repaint a forged PASSED verdict on screen, masking actual tamper detection. Fixed in 1.4.9 by routing drive-derived names through sanitize_for_display().",
  "id": "GHSA-9grr-c5h5-3w4h",
  "modified": "2026-08-27T18:32:28Z",
  "published": "2026-08-27T18:32:28Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/jahlives/openssl_encrypt/security/advisories/GHSA-c793-rj9w-r3wg"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-81694"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/verify-usb-before-1.4.9-output-injection-via-unsanitized-filenames"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-9H6H-9G78-86F7

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-12-29 01:50 – Updated: 2022-12-29 01:50
VLAI
Summary
Yapscan's report receiver server vulnerable to path traversal and log injection
Details

Impact

If you make use of the report receiver server (experimental), a client may be able to forge requests such that arbitrary files on the host can be overwritten (subject to permissions of the yapscan server), leading to loss of data. This is particularly problematic if you do not authenticate clients and/or run the server with elevated permissions.

Patches

Vulnerable versions:

  • v0.18.0
  • v0.19.0 (unreleased)

This problem is patched in version v0.19.1

Workarounds

Update to the newer version is highly encouraged!

Measures to reduce the risk of this include authenticating clients (see --client-ca flag) and containerization of the yapscan server.

References

The tracking issue is #35. There you can find the commits, fixing the issue.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/fkie-cad/yapscan"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0.18.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "0.19.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-117",
      "CWE-22",
      "CWE-73"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2022-12-29T01:50:20Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\n\nIf you make use of the **report receiver server** (experimental), a client may be able to forge requests such that arbitrary files on the host can be overwritten (subject to permissions of the yapscan server), leading to loss of data. This is particularly problematic if you do not authenticate clients and/or run the server with elevated permissions.\n\n### Patches\n\nVulnerable versions:\n\n- v0.18.0\n- v0.19.0 (unreleased)\n\nThis problem is patched in version v0.19.1\n\n### Workarounds\n\nUpdate to the newer version is highly encouraged!\n\nMeasures to reduce the risk of this include authenticating clients (see `--client-ca` flag) and containerization of the yapscan server.\n\n### References\n\nThe tracking issue is #35. There you can find the commits, fixing the issue.\n",
  "id": "GHSA-9h6h-9g78-86f7",
  "modified": "2022-12-29T01:50:20Z",
  "published": "2022-12-29T01:50:20Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/fkie-cad/yapscan/security/advisories/GHSA-9h6h-9g78-86f7"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/fkie-cad/yapscan/issues/35"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/fkie-cad/yapscan/commit/a75a20b50be673b96b1d42187b97f8cfe60728df"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/fkie-cad/yapscan/commit/fef9a33ceb66f6b929839f7eaf393b629681bc5d"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/fkie-cad/yapscan"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/fkie-cad/yapscan/releases/tag/v0.19.1"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Yapscan\u0027s report receiver server vulnerable to path traversal and log injection"
}

GHSA-9J5F-PJWJ-62R3

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-17 12:32 – Updated: 2026-08-17 12:32
VLAI
Details

openssl_encrypt versions before 1.4.0 contain a logging bug in restore_hidden_modules() that logs module counts after clearing, always showing zero restored modules and corrupting audit trails. Additionally, a race condition exists between module hiding and import hook installation where another thread could re-import blocked modules in multi-threaded environments.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-74885"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-117"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-08-17T11:16:43Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "openssl_encrypt versions before 1.4.0 contain a logging bug in restore_hidden_modules() that logs module counts after clearing, always showing zero restored modules and corrupting audit trails. Additionally, a race condition exists between module hiding and import hook installation where another thread could re-import blocked modules in multi-threaded environments.",
  "id": "GHSA-9j5f-pjwj-62r3",
  "modified": "2026-08-17T12:32:25Z",
  "published": "2026-08-17T12:32:25Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/jahlives/openssl_encrypt/security/advisories/GHSA-43r4-3hf9-m84q"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-74885"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openssl-encrypt-before-logging-bug-and-race-condition"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-C63Q-7GVC-8XQ3

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-17 09:31 – Updated: 2026-04-17 09:31
VLAI
Details

A flaw was found in the AAP MCP server. An unauthenticated remote attacker can exploit a log injection vulnerability by sending specially crafted input to the toolsetroute parameter. This parameter is not properly sanitized before being written to logs, allowing the attacker to inject control characters such as newlines and ANSI escape sequences. This enables the attacker to obscure legitimate log entries and insert forged ones, which could facilitate social engineering attacks, potentially leading to an operator executing dangerous commands or visiting malicious URLs.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-6494"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-117"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-04-17T09:16:05Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A flaw was found in the AAP MCP server. An unauthenticated remote attacker can exploit a log injection vulnerability by sending specially crafted input to the `toolsetroute` parameter. This parameter is not properly sanitized before being written to logs, allowing the attacker to inject control characters such as newlines and ANSI escape sequences. This enables the attacker to obscure legitimate log entries and insert forged ones, which could facilitate social engineering attacks, potentially leading to an operator executing dangerous commands or visiting malicious URLs.",
  "id": "GHSA-c63q-7gvc-8xq3",
  "modified": "2026-04-17T09:31:20Z",
  "published": "2026-04-17T09:31:20Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-6494"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-6494"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2459131"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-CC2J-MF6C-HCH7

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-08-30 18:30 – Updated: 2024-02-16 18:31
VLAI
Details

In Splunk IT Service Intelligence (ITSI) versions below 4.13.3 or 4.15.3, a malicious actor can inject American National Standards Institute (ANSI) escape codes into Splunk ITSI log files that, when a vulnerable terminal application reads them, can run malicious code in the vulnerable application. This attack requires a user to use a terminal application that translates ANSI escape codes to read the malicious log file locally in the vulnerable terminal. The vulnerability also requires additional user interaction to succeed.

The vulnerability does not directly affect Splunk ITSI. The indirect impact on Splunk ITSI can vary significantly depending on the permissions in the vulnerable terminal application, as well as where and how the user reads the malicious log file. For example, users can copy the malicious file from Splunk ITSI and read it on their local machine.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-4571"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-116",
      "CWE-117",
      "CWE-74"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-08-30T17:15:11Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "In Splunk IT Service Intelligence (ITSI) versions below 4.13.3 or 4.15.3, a malicious actor can inject American National Standards Institute (ANSI) escape codes into Splunk ITSI log files that, when a vulnerable terminal application reads them, can run malicious code in the vulnerable application. This attack requires a user to use a terminal application that translates ANSI escape codes to read the malicious log file locally in the vulnerable terminal. The vulnerability also requires additional user interaction to succeed. \n\nThe vulnerability does not directly affect Splunk ITSI. The indirect impact on Splunk ITSI can vary significantly depending on the permissions in the vulnerable terminal application, as well as where and how the user reads the malicious log file. For example, users can copy the malicious file from Splunk ITSI and read it on their local machine.",
  "id": "GHSA-cc2j-mf6c-hch7",
  "modified": "2024-02-16T18:31:04Z",
  "published": "2023-08-30T18:30:23Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-4571"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://advisory.splunk.com/advisories/SVD-2023-0810"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-CH8J-Q2RQ-5C87

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-01-03 00:30 – Updated: 2023-01-09 21:30
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability classified as problematic has been found in OpenDNS OpenResolve. This affects an unknown part of the file resolverapi/endpoints.py. The manipulation leads to improper output neutralization for logs. The name of the patch is 9eba6ba5abd89d0e36a008921eb307fcef8c5311. It is recommended to apply a patch to fix this issue. The identifier VDB-217197 was assigned to this vulnerability.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2015-10011"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-116",
      "CWE-117"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-01-02T22:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability classified as problematic has been found in OpenDNS OpenResolve. This affects an unknown part of the file resolverapi/endpoints.py. The manipulation leads to improper output neutralization for logs. The name of the patch is 9eba6ba5abd89d0e36a008921eb307fcef8c5311. It is recommended to apply a patch to fix this issue. The identifier VDB-217197 was assigned to this vulnerability.",
  "id": "GHSA-ch8j-q2rq-5c87",
  "modified": "2023-01-09T21:30:22Z",
  "published": "2023-01-03T00:30:44Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2015-10011"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/opendns/OpenResolve/commit/9eba6ba5abd89d0e36a008921eb307fcef8c5311"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.217197"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.217197"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-CX25-XG7C-XFM5

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-07-30 18:31 – Updated: 2025-11-14 22:46
VLAI
Summary
Apache Struts Extras Before 2 has an Improper Output Neutralization for Logs Vulnerability
Details

** UNSUPPORTED WHEN ASSIGNED ** Improper Output Neutralization for Logs vulnerability in Apache Struts.

This issue affects Apache Struts Extras: before 2.

When using LookupDispatchAction, in some cases, Struts may print untrusted input to the logs without any filtering. Specially-crafted input may lead to log output where part of the message masquerades as a separate log line, confusing consumers of the logs (either human or automated). 

As this project is retired, we do not plan to release a version that fixes this issue. Users are recommended to find an alternative or restrict access to the instance to trusted users.

NOTE: This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.apache.struts:struts-extras"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "last_affected": "1.3.10"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "struts:struts"
      },
      "versions": [
        "1.2.9"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-54656"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-117"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2025-07-30T20:02:07Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-07-30T16:15:28Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "** UNSUPPORTED WHEN ASSIGNED ** Improper Output Neutralization for Logs vulnerability in Apache Struts.\n\nThis issue affects Apache Struts Extras: before 2.\n\nWhen using LookupDispatchAction, in some cases, Struts may print untrusted input to the logs without any filtering. Specially-crafted input may lead to log output where part of the message masquerades as a separate log line, confusing consumers of the logs (either human or automated).\u00a0\n\nAs this project is retired, we do not plan to release a version that fixes this issue. Users are recommended to find an alternative or restrict access to the instance to trusted users.\n\nNOTE: This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.",
  "id": "GHSA-cx25-xg7c-xfm5",
  "modified": "2025-11-14T22:46:51Z",
  "published": "2025-07-30T18:31:36Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-54656"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/apache/struts"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread/so5cn07j2zn9vlf1xnfqp630wts719rr"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2025/07/30/1"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Apache Struts Extras Before 2 has an Improper Output Neutralization for Logs Vulnerability"
}

Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

  • Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
  • When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
  • Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation MIT-30
Implementation

Strategy: Output Encoding

Use and specify an output encoding that can be handled by the downstream component that is reading the output. Common encodings include ISO-8859-1, UTF-7, and UTF-8. When an encoding is not specified, a downstream component may choose a different encoding, either by assuming a default encoding or automatically inferring which encoding is being used, which can be erroneous. When the encodings are inconsistent, the downstream component might treat some character or byte sequences as special, even if they are not special in the original encoding. Attackers might then be able to exploit this discrepancy and conduct injection attacks; they even might be able to bypass protection mechanisms that assume the original encoding is also being used by the downstream component.

Mitigation MIT-20
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180). Make sure that the application does not decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist validation schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked.

CAPEC-268: Audit Log Manipulation

The attacker injects, manipulates, deletes, or forges malicious log entries into the log file, in an attempt to mislead an audit of the log file or cover tracks of an attack. Due to either insufficient access controls of the log files or the logging mechanism, the attacker is able to perform such actions.

CAPEC-81: Web Server Logs Tampering

Web Logs Tampering attacks involve an attacker injecting, deleting or otherwise tampering with the contents of web logs typically for the purposes of masking other malicious behavior. Additionally, writing malicious data to log files may target jobs, filters, reports, and other agents that process the logs in an asynchronous attack pattern. This pattern of attack is similar to "Log Injection-Tampering-Forging" except that in this case, the attack is targeting the logs of the web server and not the application.

CAPEC-93: Log Injection-Tampering-Forging

This attack targets the log files of the target host. The attacker injects, manipulates or forges malicious log entries in the log file, allowing them to mislead a log audit, cover traces of attack, or perform other malicious actions. The target host is not properly controlling log access. As a result tainted data is resulting in the log files leading to a failure in accountability, non-repudiation and incident forensics capability.