CVE-2021-28663 (GCVE-0-2021-28663)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2021-05-10 00:00 – Updated: 2025-10-21 23:25Summary
The Arm Mali GPU kernel driver allows privilege escalation or information disclosure because GPU memory operations are mishandled, leading to a use-after-free. This affects Bifrost r0p0 through r28p0 before r29p0, Valhall r19p0 through r28p0 before r29p0, and Midgard r4p0 through r30p0.
Severity
8.8 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: active
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2024-07-24 20:58 UTC
CWE
- n/a
- CWE-416 - Use After Free
Assigner
References
Impacted products
3 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | CPE status | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| arm | bifrost_gpu_kernel_driver |
Affected:
0 , ≤ r28p0
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:arm:bifrost_gpu_kernel_driver:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
||
| arm | valhall_gpu_kernel_driver |
Affected:
0 , ≤ r28p0
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:arm:valhall_gpu_kernel_driver:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
||
| arm | midgard_gpu_kernel_driver |
Affected:
0 , ≤ r30p0
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:arm:midgard_gpu_kernel_driver:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
CISA
Known Exploited Vulnerability - GCVE BCP-07 Compliant
KEV entry ID: 1bce9e25-6aaa-4d41-855f-f417c325ffed
Exploited: Yes
Timestamps
First Seen: 2021-11-03
Asserted: 2021-11-03
Scope
Notes: KEV entry: Arm Mali Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) Use-After-Free Vulnerability | Affected: Arm / Mali Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) | Description: Arm Mali Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) kernel driver contains a use-after-free vulnerability that may allow a non-privileged user to make improper operations on GPU memory to gain root privilege, and/or disclose information. | Required action: Apply updates per vendor instructions. | Due date: 2021-11-17 | Known ransomware campaign use (KEV): Unknown | Notes (KEV): https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-28663
Evidence
Type: Vendor Report
Signal: Successful Exploitation
Confidence: 80%
Source: cisa-kev
Details
| Cwes | CWE-416 |
|---|---|
| Feed | CISA Known Exploited Vulnerabilities Catalog |
| Product | Mali Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) |
| Due Date | 2021-11-17 |
| Date Added | 2021-11-03 |
| Vendorproject | Arm |
| Vulnerabilityname | Arm Mali Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) Use-After-Free Vulnerability |
| Knownransomwarecampaignuse | Unknown |
References
Created: 2026-02-02 13:26 UTC
| Updated: 2026-02-06 07:53 UTC
Previdian
Known Exploited Vulnerability - GCVE BCP-07 Compliant
KEV entry ID: 2ede7ee5-4b32-4923-b72d-c4b893776d47
Exploited: Yes
Timestamps
First Seen: 2021-11-03
Asserted: 2021-11-03
Scope
Notes: KEVIntel entry: The Arm Mali GPU kernel driver allows privilege escalation or information disclosure because GPU memory operations are mishandled, leading to a... | Affected: Arm / Mali GPU kernel driver | CVSS: 8.8 (HIGH) | Used in malware: unknown | Not yet in CISA KEV: False
Evidence
Type: Public Report
Signal: Successful Exploitation
Confidence: 70%
Source: kevintel
Details
| Feed | KEVIntel (kevintel.com) |
|---|---|
| Title | The Arm Mali GPU kernel driver allows privilege escalation or information disclosure because GPU memory operations are mishandled, leading to a... |
| Vendor | Arm |
| Product | Mali GPU kernel driver |
| Added Date | 2021-11-03T00:00:00.000Z |
| Cvss Score | 8.8 |
| Epss Score | None |
| Cvss Severity | HIGH |
| Epss Percentile | None |
| Used In Malware | unknown |
| Ahead Of Cisa Kev | None |
| Not Yet In Cisa Kev | False |
References
Created: 2026-06-23 11:13 UTC
| Updated: 2026-06-23 11:13 UTC
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"dateUpdated": "2025-10-21T23:25:46.291Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.1"
}
}
}
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Experimental. This forecast is provided for visualization only and may change without notice. Do not use it for operational decisions.
Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.
Sightings
| Author | Source | Type | Date | Other |
|---|
Nomenclature
- Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
- Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
- Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
- Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
- Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
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The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the
vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base
model, served locally by ML-Gateway.
They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.
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Related by attack behaviour
Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.
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