CWE-78
Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
The product constructs all or part of an OS command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended OS command when it is sent to a downstream component.
CVE-2022-20655 (GCVE-0-2022-20655)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-11-15 15:56 – Updated: 2024-11-15 21:00
VLAI
Summary
A vulnerability in the implementation of the CLI on a device that is running ConfD could allow an authenticated, local attacker to perform a command injection attack.
The vulnerability is due to insufficient validation of a process argument on an affected device. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by injecting commands during the execution of this process. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to execute arbitrary commands on the underlying operating system with the privilege level of ConfD, which is commonly root.
Severity
8.8 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
18 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cisco | Cisco IOS XR Software |
Affected:
N/A
|
|
| Cisco | Cisco Virtual Topology System (VTS) |
Affected:
N/A
|
|
| Cisco | Cisco Network Services Orchestrator |
Affected:
N/A
|
|
| Cisco | Cisco Enterprise NFV Infrastructure Software |
Affected:
N/A
|
|
| Cisco | Cisco Catalyst SD-WAN |
Affected:
N/A
|
|
| Cisco | Cisco Catalyst SD-WAN Manager |
Affected:
N/A
|
|
| Cisco | Cisco IOS XE Catalyst SD-WAN |
Affected:
N/A
|
|
| Cisco | Cisco SD-WAN vEdge Router |
Affected:
N/A
|
|
| Cisco | Cisco Ultra Gateway Platform |
Affected:
N/A
|
|
| Cisco | Cisco Carrier Packet Transport |
Affected:
3.5
Affected: 3.1 Affected: 3.2 Affected: 2.5 Affected: 2.0 Affected: 9.2.2 Affected: 1.4.0 Affected: 1.0 Affected: 1.1 Affected: 1.2 Affected: 2.1.0 Affected: 2.3.0 Affected: 2.3.3 Affected: 2.3.5 Affected: 2.3.4 Affected: 2.0.1 Affected: 2.0.0 Affected: 2.0.3 Affected: 2.0.4 Affected: 2.0.5 Affected: 2.4.0 Affected: 2.2.2 Affected: 2.2.3 Affected: 10.8.0 Affected: 7.0.3 Affected: 7.0.1 Affected: 1.0.2 Affected: 1.1.1 Affected: 1.1.2 Affected: 4.1 Affected: 4.0 Affected: 12.1.0 Affected: 9.8.1 Affected: 9.8.0 Affected: 4.1.82 Affected: 4.1.4 Affected: 4.6.1 Affected: 4.0.4 Affected: 4.0.3 Affected: 6.2.4 Affected: 3.0.5 Affected: 3.0.6 Affected: 3.0.7 Affected: 3.0.3 Affected: 3.0.0 Affected: 9.5.0 Affected: 9.5.3 Affected: 9.5.1 Affected: 9.5.2 Affected: 9.7.0 Affected: 9.521 Affected: 4.5.0 Affected: 4.7.0 Affected: 3.2.0 Affected: 3.2.1 Affected: 3.1.0 |
|
| cisco | ios_xr_software |
Affected:
0 , < 7.0.2
(custom)
Affected: 7.1.0 , < 7.1.1 (custom) cpe:2.3:o:cisco:ios_xr_software:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| cisco | virtual_topology_system |
Affected:
0 , < 2.6.5
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:cisco:virtual_topology_system:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| cisco | network_services_orchestrator |
Affected:
0 , < 4.3.9.1
(custom)
Affected: 4.4.0.0 , < 4.4.5.6 (custom) Affected: 4.5.0 , < 4.5.7 (custom) Affected: 4.6.0 , < 4.6.1.7 (custom) Affected: 4.7.0 , < 4.7.1 (custom) Affected: 5.1.0 , < 5.1.0.1 (custom) cpe:2.3:a:cisco:network_services_orchestrator:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| cisco | enterprise_nfv_infrastructure_software |
Affected:
0 , < 3.12.1
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:cisco:enterprise_nfv_infrastructure_software:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| cisco | catalyst_sd-wan_manager |
Affected:
0 , < 18.4.4
(custom)
Affected: 19.2.0 , < 19.2.1 (custom) cpe:2.3:a:cisco:catalyst_sd-wan_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| cisco | ios_xe_catalyst_sd-wan |
Affected:
0 , < 16.10.2
(custom)
Affected: 16.12.0 , < 16.12.1b (custom) Affected: 17.2.0 , < 17.2.1r (custom) cpe:2.3:o:cisco:ios_xe_catalyst_sd-wan:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| cisco | sd-wan_vedge_router |
Affected:
0 , < 18.4.4
(custom)
Affected: 19.2.0 , < 19.2.1 (custom) cpe:2.3:a:cisco:sd-wan_vedge_router:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| cisco | carrier_packet_transport |
Affected:
0 , < *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:cisco:carrier_packet_transport:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2022-20865 (GCVE-0-2022-20865)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2022-08-25 18:40 – Updated: 2024-11-06 16:07
VLAI
Title
Cisco FXOS Software Command Injection Vulnerability
Summary
A vulnerability in the CLI of Cisco FXOS Software could allow an authenticated, local attacker to inject arbitrary commands that are executed with root privileges. The attacker would need to have Administrator privileges on the device. This vulnerability is due to insufficient input validation of commands supplied by the user. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by authenticating to a device and submitting crafted input to the affected command. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to execute commands on the underlying operating system with root privileges.
Severity
6.7 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/C… | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_CISCO |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cisco | Cisco Firepower Extensible Operating System (FXOS) |
Affected:
n/a
|
Date Public
2022-08-24 00:00
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CVE-2022-20871 (GCVE-0-2022-20871)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-11-15 15:27 – Updated: 2024-11-15 15:35
VLAI
Title
Cisco Secure Web Appliance Privilege Escalation Vulnerability
Summary
A vulnerability in the web management interface of Cisco AsyncOS for Cisco Secure Web Appliance, formerly Cisco Web Security Appliance (WSA), could allow an authenticated, remote attacker to perform a command injection and elevate privileges to root.
This vulnerability is due to insufficient validation of user-supplied input for the web interface. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by authenticating to the system and sending a crafted HTTP packet to the affected device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to execute arbitrary commands on the underlying operating system and elevate privileges to root. To successfully exploit this vulnerability, an attacker would need at least read-only credentials.Cisco has released software updates that address this vulnerability. There are no workarounds that address this vulnerability.Attention: Simplifying the Cisco portfolio includes the renaming of security products under one brand: Cisco Secure. For more information, see .
Severity
6.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cisco | Cisco Secure Web Appliance |
Affected:
12.5.3-002
Affected: 14.1.0-032 Affected: 14.1.0-047 Affected: 14.1.0-041 Affected: 14.0.2-012 Affected: 12.5.1-011 Affected: 12.5.2-007 Affected: 12.5.2-011 Affected: 14.5.0-498 Affected: 12.5.4-005 Affected: 12.5.4-011 |
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CVE-2022-20964 (GCVE-0-2022-20964)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-01-18 17:47 – Updated: 2024-11-21 20:27
VLAI
Summary
A vulnerability in the web-based management interface of Cisco Identity Services Engine could allow an authenticated, remote attacker to inject arbitrary commands on the underlying operating system.
This vulnerability is due to improper validation of user input within requests as part of the web-based management interface. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by manipulating requests to the web-based management interface to contain operating system commands. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to execute arbitrary operating system commands on the underlying operating system with the privileges of the web services user.
Cisco has not yet released software updates that address this vulnerability.
Severity
6.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cisco | Cisco Identity Services Engine Software |
Affected:
2.6.0
Affected: 2.6.0 p1 Affected: 2.6.0 p2 Affected: 2.6.0 p3 Affected: 2.6.0 p5 Affected: 2.6.0 p6 Affected: 2.6.0 p7 Affected: 2.6.0 p8 Affected: 2.6.0 p9 Affected: 2.6.0 p10 Affected: 2.6.0 p11 Affected: 2.6.0 p12 Affected: 2.7.0 Affected: 2.7.0 p1 Affected: 2.7.0 p2 Affected: 2.7.0 p3 Affected: 2.7.0 p4 Affected: 2.7.0 p5 Affected: 2.7.0 p6 Affected: 2.7.0 p7 Affected: 3.0.0 Affected: 3.0.0 p1 Affected: 3.0.0 p2 Affected: 3.0.0 p3 Affected: 3.0.0 p4 Affected: 3.0.0 p5 Affected: 3.0.0 p6 Affected: 3.1.0 Affected: 3.1.0 p1 Affected: 3.1.0 p3 Affected: 3.1.0 p4 Affected: 3.2.0 |
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CVE-2022-21143 (GCVE-0-2022-21143)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2022-02-18 17:50 – Updated: 2025-04-16 16:45
VLAI
Title
Airspan Networks Mimosa OS Command Injection
Summary
MMP: All versions prior to v1.0.3, PTP C-series: Device versions prior to v2.8.6.1, and PTMP C-series and A5x: Device versions prior to v2.5.4.1 does not properly sanitize user input on several locations, which may allow an attacker to inject arbitrary commands.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-78 - OS Command Injection
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ics/advisories/icsa-2… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
3 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Airspan Networks | MMP |
Affected:
unspecified , < v1.0.3
(custom)
|
|
| Airspan Networks | PTP C-series |
Affected:
unspecified , < v2.8.6.1
(custom)
|
|
| Airspan Networks | PTMP C-series and A5x |
Affected:
unspecified , < v2.5.4.1
(custom)
|
Date Public
2022-02-03 00:00
Credits
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CVE-2022-21178 (GCVE-0-2022-21178)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2022-08-05 21:11 – Updated: 2025-04-15 18:58
VLAI
Summary
An os command injection vulnerability exists in the confsrv ucloud_add_new_node functionality of TCL LinkHub Mesh Wifi MS1G_00_01.00_14. A specially-crafted network packet can lead to arbitrary command execution. An attacker can send a malicious packet to trigger this vulnerability.
Severity
9.6 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://talosintelligence.com/vulnerability_repor… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| TCL | LinkHub Mesh Wifi |
Affected:
MS1G_00_01.00_14
|
Date Public
2022-08-01 00:00
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CVE-2022-21668 (GCVE-0-2022-21668)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2022-01-10 20:20 – Updated: 2024-08-03 02:46
VLAI
Title
Pipenv's requirements.txt parsing allows malicious index url in comments
Summary
pipenv is a Python development workflow tool. Starting with version 2018.10.9 and prior to version 2022.1.8, a flaw in pipenv's parsing of requirements files allows an attacker to insert a specially crafted string inside a comment anywhere within a requirements.txt file, which will cause victims who use pipenv to install the requirements file to download dependencies from a package index server controlled by the attacker. By embedding malicious code in packages served from their malicious index server, the attacker can trigger arbitrary remote code execution (RCE) on the victims' systems. If an attacker is able to hide a malicious `--index-url` option in a requirements file that a victim installs with pipenv, the attacker can embed arbitrary malicious code in packages served from their malicious index server that will be executed on the victim's host during installation (remote code execution/RCE). When pip installs from a source distribution, any code in the setup.py is executed by the install process. This issue is patched in version 2022.1.8. The GitHub Security Advisory contains more information about this vulnerability.
Severity
CWE
- CWE-20 - Improper Input Validation
- CWE-77 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
- CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
- CWE-427 - Uncontrolled Search Path Element
- CWE-791 - Incomplete Filtering of Special Elements
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/pypa/pipenv/security/advisorie… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
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| https://github.com/pypa/pipenv/releases/tag/v2022.1.8 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/pac… | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_FEDORA |
| https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/pac… | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_FEDORA |
| https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/pac… | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_FEDORA |
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CVE-2022-22140 (GCVE-0-2022-22140)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2022-08-05 21:11 – Updated: 2025-04-15 18:58
VLAI
Summary
An os command injection vulnerability exists in the confsrv ucloud_add_node functionality of TCL LinkHub Mesh Wi-Fi MS1G_00_01.00_14. A specially-crafted network packet can lead to arbitrary command execution. An attacker can send a malicious packet to trigger this vulnerability.
Severity
9.6 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://talosintelligence.com/vulnerability_repor… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| TCL | LinkHub Mesh Wifi |
Affected:
MS1G_00_01.00_14
|
Date Public
2022-08-01 00:00
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CVE-2022-22273 (GCVE-0-2022-22273)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2022-03-17 01:40 – Updated: 2024-08-03 03:07 Unsupported When Assigned
VLAI
Summary
Improper neutralization of Special Elements leading to OS Command Injection vulnerability impacting end-of-life Secure Remote Access (SRA) products and older firmware versions of Secure Mobile Access (SMA) 100 series products, specifically the SRA appliances running all 8.x, 9.0.0.5-19sv and earlier versions and Secure Mobile Access (SMA) 100 series products running older firmware 9.0.0.9-26sv and earlier versions
Severity
No CVSS data available.
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://psirt.global.sonicwall.com/vuln-detail/SN… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
3 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SonicWall | SonicWall SRA/SMA100 |
Affected:
SRA Series 9.0.0.5-19sv and earlier versions.
Affected: SMA100 Series 9.0.0.9-26sv and earlier versions. |
|
| sonicwall | sma_100 |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 9.0.0.9-26sv
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:sonicwall:sma_100:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| sonicwall | sra |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 9.0.0.5-19sv
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cpe:2.3:a:sonicwall:sra:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2022-22298 (GCVE-0-2022-22298)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-10-10 16:49 – Updated: 2024-09-18 19:48
VLAI
Summary
A improper neutralization of special elements used in an os command ('os command injection') in Fortinet FortiIsolator version 1.0.0, FortiIsolator version 1.1.0, FortiIsolator version 1.2.0 through 1.2.2, FortiIsolator version 2.0.0 through 2.0.1, FortiIsolator version 2.1.0 through 2.1.2, FortiIsolator version 2.2.0, FortiIsolator version 2.3.0 through 2.3.4 allows attacker to execute arbitrary OS commands in the underlying shell via specially crafted input parameters.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-78 - Execute unauthorized code or commands
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
3 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fortinet | FortiIsolator |
Affected:
2.3.0 , ≤ 2.3.3
(semver)
Affected: 2.2.0 Affected: 2.1.0 , ≤ 2.1.2 (semver) Affected: 2.0.0 , ≤ 2.0.1 (semver) Affected: 1.2.0 , ≤ 1.2.2 (semver) Affected: 1.1.0 Affected: 1.0.0 |
|
| fortinet | fortiisolator |
Affected:
1.0.0
Affected: 1.1.0 Affected: 1.2.0 Affected: 1.2.1 Affected: 1.2.2 Affected: 2.0.0 Affected: 2.0.1 Affected: 2.1.0 Affected: 2.1.1 Affected: 2.1.2 Affected: 2.2.0 cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiisolator:1.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiisolator:1.1.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiisolator:1.2.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiisolator:1.2.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiisolator:1.2.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiisolator:2.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiisolator:2.0.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiisolator:2.1.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiisolator:2.1.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiisolator:2.1.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiisolator:2.2.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| fortinet | fortiisolator |
Affected:
2.3.0 , ≤ 2.3.3
(custom)
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{
"lessThanOrEqual": "2.3.3",
"status": "affected",
"version": "2.3.0",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "2.2.0"
},
{
"lessThanOrEqual": "2.1.2",
"status": "affected",
"version": "2.1.0",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThanOrEqual": "2.0.1",
"status": "affected",
"version": "2.0.0",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThanOrEqual": "1.2.2",
"status": "affected",
"version": "1.2.0",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "1.1.0"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "1.0.0"
}
]
}
],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "A improper neutralization of special elements used in an os command (\u0027os command injection\u0027) in Fortinet FortiIsolator version 1.0.0, FortiIsolator version 1.1.0, FortiIsolator version 1.2.0 through 1.2.2, FortiIsolator version 2.0.0 through 2.0.1, FortiIsolator version 2.1.0 through 2.1.2, FortiIsolator version 2.2.0, FortiIsolator version 2.3.0 through 2.3.4 allows attacker to execute arbitrary OS commands in the underlying shell via specially crafted input parameters."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackVector": "LOCAL",
"availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
"baseScore": 6.7,
"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
"confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
"integrityImpact": "HIGH",
"privilegesRequired": "HIGH",
"scope": "UNCHANGED",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H/E:H/RL:X/RC:C",
"version": "3.1"
},
"format": "CVSS"
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-78",
"description": "Execute unauthorized code or commands",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2023-10-10T16:49:46.033Z",
"orgId": "6abe59d8-c742-4dff-8ce8-9b0ca1073da8",
"shortName": "fortinet"
},
"references": [
{
"name": "https://fortiguard.com/psirt/FG-IR-21-233",
"url": "https://fortiguard.com/psirt/FG-IR-21-233"
}
],
"solutions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "Upgrade to FortiIsolator version\u00a02.4.0 or above."
}
]
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "6abe59d8-c742-4dff-8ce8-9b0ca1073da8",
"assignerShortName": "fortinet",
"cveId": "CVE-2022-22298",
"datePublished": "2023-10-10T16:49:46.033Z",
"dateReserved": "2022-01-03T09:39:36.528Z",
"dateUpdated": "2024-09-18T19:48:48.594Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.1"
}
Mitigation
Phase: Architecture and Design
Description:
- If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
Mitigation ID: MIT-22
Phases: Architecture and Design, Operation
Strategy: Sandbox or Jail
Description:
- Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
- OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation
Phase: Architecture and Design
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
Description:
- For any data that will be used to generate a command to be executed, keep as much of that data out of external control as possible. For example, in web applications, this may require storing the data locally in the session's state instead of sending it out to the client in a hidden form field.
Mitigation ID: MIT-15
Phase: Architecture and Design
Description:
- For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation ID: MIT-4.3
Phase: Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
Description:
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using the ESAPI Encoding control [REF-45] or a similar tool, library, or framework. These will help the programmer encode outputs in a manner less prone to error.
Mitigation ID: MIT-28
Phase: Implementation
Strategy: Output Encoding
Description:
- While it is risky to use dynamically-generated query strings, code, or commands that mix control and data together, sometimes it may be unavoidable. Properly quote arguments and escape any special characters within those arguments. The most conservative approach is to escape or filter all characters that do not pass an extremely strict allowlist (such as everything that is not alphanumeric or white space). If some special characters are still needed, such as white space, wrap each argument in quotes after the escaping/filtering step. Be careful of argument injection (CWE-88).
Mitigation
Phase: Implementation
Description:
- If the program to be executed allows arguments to be specified within an input file or from standard input, then consider using that mode to pass arguments instead of the command line.
Mitigation ID: MIT-27
Phase: Architecture and Design
Strategy: Parameterization
Description:
- If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
- Some languages offer multiple functions that can be used to invoke commands. Where possible, identify any function that invokes a command shell using a single string, and replace it with a function that requires individual arguments. These functions typically perform appropriate quoting and filtering of arguments. For example, in C, the system() function accepts a string that contains the entire command to be executed, whereas execl(), execve(), and others require an array of strings, one for each argument. In Windows, CreateProcess() only accepts one command at a time. In Perl, if system() is provided with an array of arguments, then it will quote each of the arguments.
Mitigation ID: MIT-5
Phase: Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
Description:
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- When constructing OS command strings, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set based on the expected value of the parameter in the request. This will indirectly limit the scope of an attack, but this technique is less important than proper output encoding and escaping.
- Note that proper output encoding, escaping, and quoting is the most effective solution for preventing OS command injection, although input validation may provide some defense-in-depth. This is because it effectively limits what will appear in output. Input validation will not always prevent OS command injection, especially if you are required to support free-form text fields that could contain arbitrary characters. For example, when invoking a mail program, you might need to allow the subject field to contain otherwise-dangerous inputs like ";" and ">" characters, which would need to be escaped or otherwise handled. In this case, stripping the character might reduce the risk of OS command injection, but it would produce incorrect behavior because the subject field would not be recorded as the user intended. This might seem to be a minor inconvenience, but it could be more important when the program relies on well-structured subject lines in order to pass messages to other components.
- Even if you make a mistake in your validation (such as forgetting one out of 100 input fields), appropriate encoding is still likely to protect you from injection-based attacks. As long as it is not done in isolation, input validation is still a useful technique, since it may significantly reduce your attack surface, allow you to detect some attacks, and provide other security benefits that proper encoding does not address.
Mitigation ID: MIT-21
Phase: Architecture and Design
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
Description:
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
Mitigation ID: MIT-32
Phase: Operation
Strategy: Compilation or Build Hardening
Description:
- Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).
Mitigation ID: MIT-32
Phase: Operation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Description:
- Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).
Mitigation ID: MIT-39
Phase: Implementation
Description:
- Ensure that error messages only contain minimal details that are useful to the intended audience and no one else. The messages need to strike the balance between being too cryptic (which can confuse users) or being too detailed (which may reveal more than intended). The messages should not reveal the methods that were used to determine the error. Attackers can use detailed information to refine or optimize their original attack, thereby increasing their chances of success.
- If errors must be captured in some detail, record them in log messages, but consider what could occur if the log messages can be viewed by attackers. Highly sensitive information such as passwords should never be saved to log files.
- Avoid inconsistent messaging that might accidentally tip off an attacker about internal state, such as whether a user account exists or not.
- In the context of OS Command Injection, error information passed back to the user might reveal whether an OS command is being executed and possibly which command is being used.
Mitigation
Phase: Operation
Strategy: Sandbox or Jail
Description:
- Use runtime policy enforcement to create an allowlist of allowable commands, then prevent use of any command that does not appear in the allowlist. Technologies such as AppArmor are available to do this.
Mitigation ID: MIT-29
Phase: Operation
Strategy: Firewall
Description:
- Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
Mitigation ID: MIT-17
Phases: Architecture and Design, Operation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Description:
- Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
Mitigation ID: MIT-16
Phases: Operation, Implementation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Description:
- When using PHP, configure the application so that it does not use register_globals. During implementation, develop the application so that it does not rely on this feature, but be wary of implementing a register_globals emulation that is subject to weaknesses such as CWE-95, CWE-621, and similar issues.
CAPEC-108: Command Line Execution through SQL Injection
An attacker uses standard SQL injection methods to inject data into the command line for execution. This could be done directly through misuse of directives such as MSSQL_xp_cmdshell or indirectly through injection of data into the database that would be interpreted as shell commands. Sometime later, an unscrupulous backend application (or could be part of the functionality of the same application) fetches the injected data stored in the database and uses this data as command line arguments without performing proper validation. The malicious data escapes that data plane by spawning new commands to be executed on the host.
CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters
An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.
CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers
An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.
CAPEC-6: Argument Injection
An attacker changes the behavior or state of a targeted application through injecting data or command syntax through the targets use of non-validated and non-filtered arguments of exposed services or methods.
CAPEC-88: OS Command Injection
In this type of an attack, an adversary injects operating system commands into existing application functions. An application that uses untrusted input to build command strings is vulnerable. An adversary can leverage OS command injection in an application to elevate privileges, execute arbitrary commands and compromise the underlying operating system.